1. Name the molecule that carries our genes. DNA.
2. Genes are located in the DNA.
3. What is the number of sperm the average man produces in a second? One thousand.
4. How can one person produce so many different combinations of genes? Through meiosis.
5. Most human cells have a total number of 46 chromosomes.
6. The gene shuffling that occurs from mitosis results in a great amount of this? Diversity!
7. Where in the female reproductive tract does the egg wait for fertilization? In the fallopian tube.
8. How does the egg move through the Fallopian tube? Muscular contractions of the tube and tiny hairlike structures called cilia.
9. Approximately how many sperm are contained within one teaspoon of seminal liquid? 300 million.
10. What are some of the challenges that sperm face once entering into the vagina? The acidity of the vagina, getting through the cervix, breaking through the shell surrounding the egg.
11. Describe the milestone event that takes place two weeks after conception? Gastrolation, when the blastocyst begins to turn into an embryo.
12. Describe the size and physical characteristics of the fetus at 4 and 1/2 weeks following conception. It is a 5th of an inch long, and resembles a dinosaur... The backbone is visible and very primitive looking, and the heart is present and beating. Also, groups of cells begin to bulge out to form legs and arms. The brain is also present and eyes are forming.
13. If the DNA in a single cell were stretched out, how long would it be? 6 feet.
14. After about how many weeks can doctors determine the sex of the baby from ultrasound? 18 weeks.
15. Aside from the ultrasound, how can a doctor determine the sex of a baby? By examining the chromosomes.
16. At what point does the embryo become a fetus? At about month 3.
17.When does the placenta begin to form? In the early weeks of pregnancy.
18. What is the fetus’s job in the last trimester? To grow!
19. Why are human births so much more dangerous than other mammals? Because our pelvis is narrower, to allow us to walk upright, so the baby has to go contort a certain way to get out, and may not always be able to fit out.
Tuesday, May 13, 2008
Monday, May 12, 2008
Thursday, May 8, 2008
Reproductive System Vocabulary
1. Corpus luteum - what an ovarian follicle develops into during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle.
2. Epididymis - The tube located along the testes where sperm mature.
3. Gonad - in males, the testes. In females, the ovaries.
4. Meiosis - when a destined-to-be sex cell with 46 chromosomes going through a process that results in four sex cells with 23 chromosomes each.
5. Oocyte - a developing female sex cell.
6. Ovary - the female gonads.
7. Placenta - Where fetal blood exchanges materials with maternal blood.
8. Scrotum - the skin sac that holds the testes.
9. Seminiferous tubule - the tubes inside the testes that create sperm.
10. Testis - the male gonads.
11. Vulva - The external vagina.
12. Blastocyst - The stage of a baby's development between being a zygote and an embryo.
13. Embryo - A developing baby. (Weeks 2-8 is the embryonic stage.)
14. Fetus - A developing baby. (Months 3-9 is the fetal stage.)
15. Implantation - When the egg is fertilized, it becomes a zygote and is implanted in the endometrium.
16. Lactation - When a new mother's breasts produce milk for her baby.
17. Umbilical cord - The cord that transports blood to and from the placenta.
18. Yolk sac - The first site of red blood cells in the uterus.
19. Zygote - A fertilized egg.
20. Ultrasound - The process used to see into a pregnant woman's womb. Non-invasive.
2. Epididymis - The tube located along the testes where sperm mature.
3. Gonad - in males, the testes. In females, the ovaries.
4. Meiosis - when a destined-to-be sex cell with 46 chromosomes going through a process that results in four sex cells with 23 chromosomes each.
5. Oocyte - a developing female sex cell.
6. Ovary - the female gonads.
7. Placenta - Where fetal blood exchanges materials with maternal blood.
8. Scrotum - the skin sac that holds the testes.
9. Seminiferous tubule - the tubes inside the testes that create sperm.
10. Testis - the male gonads.
11. Vulva - The external vagina.
12. Blastocyst - The stage of a baby's development between being a zygote and an embryo.
13. Embryo - A developing baby. (Weeks 2-8 is the embryonic stage.)
14. Fetus - A developing baby. (Months 3-9 is the fetal stage.)
15. Implantation - When the egg is fertilized, it becomes a zygote and is implanted in the endometrium.
16. Lactation - When a new mother's breasts produce milk for her baby.
17. Umbilical cord - The cord that transports blood to and from the placenta.
18. Yolk sac - The first site of red blood cells in the uterus.
19. Zygote - A fertilized egg.
20. Ultrasound - The process used to see into a pregnant woman's womb. Non-invasive.
Tuesday, May 6, 2008
Digestive and Urinary Questions in Text
Pages 735 and 736:
Critical Thinking Questions: 3
3. What effect is a before-dinner alcoholic cocktail likely to have on digestion? Well, first of all it could deteriorate the lining of the digestive tract and possibly make your stomach a bit upset during digestion. It could also effect the liver in terms of producing bile, so the food might take a while longer to digest than normally. Why are such beverages inadvisable for persons with ulcers? Because the lining of the digestive tract at the site of the ulcer is already deteriorated, so further deterioration due to alcohol consumption could lead to more ulcers and quite possibly a hole in the digestive tract.
Review Exercises: 1, 2, 5, 7, 12, and 25
1. List and describe the locations of the major parts of the alimentary canal. First you have your mouth, where you chew up the food. Then you have the pharynx, which is basically the back of your throat. Then the food travels down the esophagus and into the stomach, where bile is added to start the breakup of the food particles. Then the food travels into the small intestine, where more bile is added and the breakup continues. Most nutritional absorbtion happens in the small intestine. The food travels into the colon, or large intestine, and is then turned into a solid waste which is stored in your rectum until the time comes to rid your body of it.
2. List and describe the locations of the accessory organs of the digestive system. First is the teeth, which are in the mouth and help chew food. Next are the salivary glands, which begin the breakup of food in the mouth. Then you have the galbladder and the pancreas, which are both located between the liver and the stomach. The gallbladder stores and secretes bile from the liver and the pancreas secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum of the small intestine.
5. Define peristalsis. The squeezy, circular motion around a tube that allows food to be pushed down, as it is in the digestive tract.
7. Describe the general effects of parasympathetic and sympathetic impulses on the alimentary canal. The parasympathetic nervous system allows for increased digestive activity and relaxes sphincters. The sympathetic nervous system somewhat tightens the digestive tract and doesn't allow digestion to be as easy as normal.
12. Describe the structure of a tooth. The white part of your tooth is called the enamel, or the crown. Underneath that is the dentine, and then the pulp which contains all the blood vessels and nerves. At the root of your tooth (everything under the gum), the root canal goes deep into the bone of your jaw.
25. Explain the mechanism of vomiting. Basically, if you eat something that "doesn't sit well with your stomach" your stomach will be able to sense that it must get rid of the waste before it travels into your small intestine. The cardiac sphincter, which separates the esophagus and the stomach, will open, and all stomach contents will be pushed upwards so that you can throw it up.
Pages 855:
Review Exercises: 1, 3, 9, 16, 34, 36, 37, 40:
1. Name the organs of the urinary system. The kidneys, the ureter, the bladder, and the urethra.
3. List the functions of the kidneys. First, they filter the liquid that enters them and takes out all the nutrients, which is absorbed into the blood stream, leaving behind urine to be excreted. They also filter the blood and keep it clean!
9. Distinguish among filtration, reabsorbtion, and secretion as they relate to the urinary system.
Filtration - the filtering of the blood through the kidneys.
Reabsorbtion - the kidneys reabsorb certain essential nutrients for the body.
Secretion - Anything that was not reabsorbed into the blood stream is discarded in the form of urine.
16. Define autoregulation. The natural ability of an organ to maintain a constant blood flow despite changes in pressure.
34. Describe the structure and function of a ureter. Ureters are small tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder to be excreted.
36. Discuss what happens if a ureter becomes obstructed. Well, first the urine would not be able to go anywhere, so it would block up the kidneys and injure them. Also, you might not be able to urinate correctly, or the urine might be bloody or cloudly. Also, it would definitely cause severe pain.
37. Describe the structure and location of the urinary bladder. The location of the bladder is situated right above the urethra, so if you were to point, it would be near your lower abdomen. Basically, the bladder is not a little colorful balloon that fills with urine. It is actually a reddish sac that can stretch pretty far to hold urine.
40. Compare the urethra of a female with that of a male. The female urethra is a lot shorter compared to the male's. A male's urethra is also used to carry semen.
Critical Thinking Questions: 3
3. What effect is a before-dinner alcoholic cocktail likely to have on digestion? Well, first of all it could deteriorate the lining of the digestive tract and possibly make your stomach a bit upset during digestion. It could also effect the liver in terms of producing bile, so the food might take a while longer to digest than normally. Why are such beverages inadvisable for persons with ulcers? Because the lining of the digestive tract at the site of the ulcer is already deteriorated, so further deterioration due to alcohol consumption could lead to more ulcers and quite possibly a hole in the digestive tract.
Review Exercises: 1, 2, 5, 7, 12, and 25
1. List and describe the locations of the major parts of the alimentary canal. First you have your mouth, where you chew up the food. Then you have the pharynx, which is basically the back of your throat. Then the food travels down the esophagus and into the stomach, where bile is added to start the breakup of the food particles. Then the food travels into the small intestine, where more bile is added and the breakup continues. Most nutritional absorbtion happens in the small intestine. The food travels into the colon, or large intestine, and is then turned into a solid waste which is stored in your rectum until the time comes to rid your body of it.
2. List and describe the locations of the accessory organs of the digestive system. First is the teeth, which are in the mouth and help chew food. Next are the salivary glands, which begin the breakup of food in the mouth. Then you have the galbladder and the pancreas, which are both located between the liver and the stomach. The gallbladder stores and secretes bile from the liver and the pancreas secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum of the small intestine.
5. Define peristalsis. The squeezy, circular motion around a tube that allows food to be pushed down, as it is in the digestive tract.
7. Describe the general effects of parasympathetic and sympathetic impulses on the alimentary canal. The parasympathetic nervous system allows for increased digestive activity and relaxes sphincters. The sympathetic nervous system somewhat tightens the digestive tract and doesn't allow digestion to be as easy as normal.
12. Describe the structure of a tooth. The white part of your tooth is called the enamel, or the crown. Underneath that is the dentine, and then the pulp which contains all the blood vessels and nerves. At the root of your tooth (everything under the gum), the root canal goes deep into the bone of your jaw.
25. Explain the mechanism of vomiting. Basically, if you eat something that "doesn't sit well with your stomach" your stomach will be able to sense that it must get rid of the waste before it travels into your small intestine. The cardiac sphincter, which separates the esophagus and the stomach, will open, and all stomach contents will be pushed upwards so that you can throw it up.
Pages 855:
Review Exercises: 1, 3, 9, 16, 34, 36, 37, 40:
1. Name the organs of the urinary system. The kidneys, the ureter, the bladder, and the urethra.
3. List the functions of the kidneys. First, they filter the liquid that enters them and takes out all the nutrients, which is absorbed into the blood stream, leaving behind urine to be excreted. They also filter the blood and keep it clean!
9. Distinguish among filtration, reabsorbtion, and secretion as they relate to the urinary system.
Filtration - the filtering of the blood through the kidneys.
Reabsorbtion - the kidneys reabsorb certain essential nutrients for the body.
Secretion - Anything that was not reabsorbed into the blood stream is discarded in the form of urine.
16. Define autoregulation. The natural ability of an organ to maintain a constant blood flow despite changes in pressure.
34. Describe the structure and function of a ureter. Ureters are small tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder to be excreted.
36. Discuss what happens if a ureter becomes obstructed. Well, first the urine would not be able to go anywhere, so it would block up the kidneys and injure them. Also, you might not be able to urinate correctly, or the urine might be bloody or cloudly. Also, it would definitely cause severe pain.
37. Describe the structure and location of the urinary bladder. The location of the bladder is situated right above the urethra, so if you were to point, it would be near your lower abdomen. Basically, the bladder is not a little colorful balloon that fills with urine. It is actually a reddish sac that can stretch pretty far to hold urine.
40. Compare the urethra of a female with that of a male. The female urethra is a lot shorter compared to the male's. A male's urethra is also used to carry semen.
Monday, May 5, 2008
Hormonal Control of the Menstrual Cycle
1. What is a hormone? Chemical produced by the brain to regulate different things in your body.
2. What system is responsible for the production of hormones? The endocrine.
3. Sketch a picture of the female reproductive system. Include the oviduct, ovaries, uterus, cervix and vagina.
4. Where does the embryo undergo most of its development? In the uterus.
5. What is another name for the fallopian tube? Oviduct.
6. Where does fertilization take place? In the fallopian tube.
7. What is ovulation? When the mature ovum contained in the follicle leaves and migrates down the oviduct.
8. What is the follicle converted to? A corpus luteum.
9. What happens during the flow phase? Hormone production by the ovaries ceases and the uterine lining sloughs off.
10. What happens during the follicular phase? The developing follicle enlarges and produces a hormone which causes the uterine lining to thicken.
11. What happens during the luteal phase? A hormone from the pituitary converts the follicle to a corpus luteum. Uterine lining is still thickening.
12. What happens to the uterine lining during the first phase? It is broken down.
13. What are the four hormones that control the menstrual cycle? Estrogen, progesterone, LH, FSH.
14. As FSH increases in concentration in the blood , the follicle is? Growing an egg.
15. When the follicle ruptures it releases what? The egg.
16. What is considered the hormone of pregnancy? Progesterone.
17. What is the rhythm method? Timing intercourse around ovulation to decrease chances of pregnancy.
18. What do you call a couple using the rhythm method? Parents! Ha ha ha!
19. What is menopause? What causes it? The halting of the menstrual cycle that occurs around the age of 45-50. It's caused by the stopping of LH production by the pituitary.
20. When does fertilization occur? When the sperm and the egg meet!
21. When is a zygote formed? After fertilization.
22. What is a placenta? An organ that is produced to help nourish and protect the growing baby.
Tuesday, April 29, 2008
Male and Female Reproductive Worksheet
1. What is the purpose of the reproductive system? To produce offspring.
11. What is the name of the structure where the testes are located? The scrotum.
14. What is the vas deferens? A tube that connects the epididymis and the ejaculatory duct.
15. What is the structure that secretes and stores a fluid releases at the time of ejaculation? The cowper's glands.
16. What are the functions of the prostate gland? Secretes an alkaline fluid to keep sperm mobile and protect them from the acidity of the vagina. Also aids in neutralizing the acid in the male urethra.
17. What is semen? Sperm cells and secretions from the seminal vesicles, prostate, and the cowper's glands.
18. Sketch a picture of the male reproductive system. Include the following: penis, seminal vesicles, epididymis, cowper’s gland, testes, scrotum, vas deferens, urethra, prostate, ejaculatory duct.
2. What is the function of the ovaries? To produce eggs and the female hormones, estrogen and progesterone.
3. What is the structure that connects the ovaries to the uterus? The fallopian tubes.
4. What is the name of the lining of the uterus? Endometrium.
5. Name the three parts of the uterus and where they are located. The fundus, the uppermost portion of the uterus, the body (middle), and the cervix, which is the neck-like portion that opens into the vagina.
6. What is the female organ of copulation? The vagina.
7. Sketch a picture of the female reproductive system. Include the following: bladder, ovary, uterus, fallopian tube, urethra, vagina.
8. What is the male organ of copulation? The penis.
9. What are the two functions of the urethra in the male? To carry sperm and to carry urine.
10. What are the two functions of the testes? To produce sperm and to secrete an endocrine substance, the male sex hormone.
11. What is the name of the structure where the testes are located? The scrotum.
12. Why are the testes located outside the body? Temperature control, to keep the sperm cool enough to survive.
13. Where do sperm mature? In the epididymis, located directly above the testes inside the scrotum.
14. What is the vas deferens? A tube that connects the epididymis and the ejaculatory duct.
15. What is the structure that secretes and stores a fluid releases at the time of ejaculation? The cowper's glands.
16. What are the functions of the prostate gland? Secretes an alkaline fluid to keep sperm mobile and protect them from the acidity of the vagina. Also aids in neutralizing the acid in the male urethra.
17. What is semen? Sperm cells and secretions from the seminal vesicles, prostate, and the cowper's glands.
18. Sketch a picture of the male reproductive system. Include the following: penis, seminal vesicles, epididymis, cowper’s gland, testes, scrotum, vas deferens, urethra, prostate, ejaculatory duct.
Thursday, April 24, 2008
Nutrition Interview
Interview 1: Chelsea Drake
1. What do you think nutrition is?
2. What does a nutritious life style consist of?
3. What makes a nutritious meal?
4. Can you give an example of a nutritious meal?
5. Is there more to nutrition than diet and food? If so what.
6. What are some important vitamins your body needs?
7. What are some important minerals your body needs?
1. What do you think nutrition is?
2. What does a nutritious life style consist of?
3. What makes a nutritious meal?
4. Can you give an example of a nutritious meal?
5. Is there more to nutrition than diet and food? If so what.
6. What are some important vitamins your body needs?
7. What are some important minerals your body needs?
Urinary System Worksheet
1. What are three functions of the kidneys?
1. Helps to balance water amount in body
2. Makes pee-pee
3. Filter the blood
2. What is the protective layer around the kidney?
The peri-renal capsule.
3. What is the outer layer of the kidney?
The cortex.
4. What is the urine collection system of the kidney?
The medulla.
5. What is the dilated end of the ureters called?
The pelvis.
6. What is the function of the bladder?
Holds pee.
7. What transports urine in males? The urethra. Females? The urethra!
1. Helps to balance water amount in body
2. Makes pee-pee
3. Filter the blood
2. What is the protective layer around the kidney?
The peri-renal capsule.
3. What is the outer layer of the kidney?
The cortex.
4. What is the urine collection system of the kidney?
The medulla.
5. What is the dilated end of the ureters called?
The pelvis.
6. What is the function of the bladder?
Holds pee.
7. What transports urine in males? The urethra. Females? The urethra!
Thursday, April 17, 2008
Digestive System Worksheet
1. What is the digestive tract? Basically a series of tubes that is used to digest food, absorb nutrients and send them into the bloodstream, and condense waste to be removed by the body.
2. What happens to undigested materials in the digestive tract? It is condensed in the large intestine and then sent into the rectum, where it waits until the need of removal.
3. Sketch the path that food takes through the digestive tract. Be sure to include the mouth, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, small intestine, appendix, large intestine, rectum, and all 4 sphincters.
4. What is the function of the mouth in the digestion process? To take in the food, chew it, and produce saliva to begin breaking up the material.
5. What is the term for the small mass of food that enters into the esophagus? Bolus.
6. What is the term for partially digested stomach contents? Chyme.
7. What triggers peristalsis? The presence of bolus in the esophagus.
8. What is the function of the cardiac sphincter? To keep food from re-entering the esophagus.
9. What is the mucous membrane? A layer of mucous that coats the entire digestive tract to prevent the digestive tract from digesting itself.
10. How long is the small intestine? Over 20 feet.
11. Where does most digestion and absorption of nutrients take place? In the small intestine.
12. What increase the surface area of the small intestine? Villi.
13. What is the first section of the small intestine? The duodenum. What is its function? It reacts to chemical changes of the chyme entering the small intestine and is also where the galbladder secretes the bile. It also controls the entire digestive tract.
14. Where is bile stored? In the galbladder.
15. What is segmentation? The squeezing of a tube (in this case the intestine) to further break down its contents.
16. When does the ileocecal sphincter open? When the amount of food against it builds up enough.
17. What is the function of the anal sphincter? To keep in the poo until you're ready!
18. What is the function of the appendix in humans? There isn't one.
19. Where does digestion begin? In the mouth.
20. What is gastric juice made of? Hydrocloric acid and enzymes.
21. Where are the enzymes released in the small intestine produced? Pancreas.
22. What is the function of the following enzymes: amylase, lactase, maltase, sucrase, and lipase?
Amylase - completes the process of hydrolyzing starch into the double sugar maltose.
Lactase - Breaks apart lactose.
Maltase - Breaks apart maltose.
Sucrase - Breaks apart sucrose.
Lipase - Splits fat into its components, glycerol and fatty acids.
23. There are two ways that nutrients get into the blood stream. Describe each method.
1. Energy produced by the splitting of some sugar molecules is used to help actively transport them across the membranes of the intestine and into the blood stream.
2. And passive transport, where the nutrients can go through the membrane using no energy.
2. What happens to undigested materials in the digestive tract? It is condensed in the large intestine and then sent into the rectum, where it waits until the need of removal.
3. Sketch the path that food takes through the digestive tract. Be sure to include the mouth, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, small intestine, appendix, large intestine, rectum, and all 4 sphincters.
4. What is the function of the mouth in the digestion process? To take in the food, chew it, and produce saliva to begin breaking up the material.
5. What is the term for the small mass of food that enters into the esophagus? Bolus.
6. What is the term for partially digested stomach contents? Chyme.
7. What triggers peristalsis? The presence of bolus in the esophagus.
8. What is the function of the cardiac sphincter? To keep food from re-entering the esophagus.
9. What is the mucous membrane? A layer of mucous that coats the entire digestive tract to prevent the digestive tract from digesting itself.
10. How long is the small intestine? Over 20 feet.
11. Where does most digestion and absorption of nutrients take place? In the small intestine.
12. What increase the surface area of the small intestine? Villi.
13. What is the first section of the small intestine? The duodenum. What is its function? It reacts to chemical changes of the chyme entering the small intestine and is also where the galbladder secretes the bile. It also controls the entire digestive tract.
14. Where is bile stored? In the galbladder.
15. What is segmentation? The squeezing of a tube (in this case the intestine) to further break down its contents.
16. When does the ileocecal sphincter open? When the amount of food against it builds up enough.
17. What is the function of the anal sphincter? To keep in the poo until you're ready!
18. What is the function of the appendix in humans? There isn't one.
19. Where does digestion begin? In the mouth.
20. What is gastric juice made of? Hydrocloric acid and enzymes.
21. Where are the enzymes released in the small intestine produced? Pancreas.
22. What is the function of the following enzymes: amylase, lactase, maltase, sucrase, and lipase?
Amylase - completes the process of hydrolyzing starch into the double sugar maltose.
Lactase - Breaks apart lactose.
Maltase - Breaks apart maltose.
Sucrase - Breaks apart sucrose.
Lipase - Splits fat into its components, glycerol and fatty acids.
23. There are two ways that nutrients get into the blood stream. Describe each method.
1. Energy produced by the splitting of some sugar molecules is used to help actively transport them across the membranes of the intestine and into the blood stream.
2. And passive transport, where the nutrients can go through the membrane using no energy.
Thursday, April 3, 2008
Basic Resperatory Worksheet
1. What are the two entrances for oxygen to enter the respiratory system? Nose and mouth!
2. Where does the air go to from the nose and mouth? Pharynx.
3. In between the pharynx and the trachea what structure does this lesson leave out? The larynx!
4. Where is the trachea located in reference to the esophagus? Anterior.
5. What structures moisten the air in the Respiratory System? Nose and mouth.
6. What is the name for the small air sacs at the end of the bronchioles? The alveoli.
7. Where does gas exchange take place in the lungs? In the alveoli.
8. What is the main muscle of respiration? Diaphragm.
9. What happens when we inhale? The diaphragm contracts, lowering the air pressure in the lungs, allowing them to take in air. Exhale? The diaphragm relaxes, increasing the air pressure so the lungs release air.
10. Sketch a picture of the respiratory system. Include the following structures: nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchioles, alveoli and lungs.
2. Where does the air go to from the nose and mouth? Pharynx.
3. In between the pharynx and the trachea what structure does this lesson leave out? The larynx!
4. Where is the trachea located in reference to the esophagus? Anterior.
5. What structures moisten the air in the Respiratory System? Nose and mouth.
6. What is the name for the small air sacs at the end of the bronchioles? The alveoli.
7. Where does gas exchange take place in the lungs? In the alveoli.
8. What is the main muscle of respiration? Diaphragm.
9. What happens when we inhale? The diaphragm contracts, lowering the air pressure in the lungs, allowing them to take in air. Exhale? The diaphragm relaxes, increasing the air pressure so the lungs release air.
10. Sketch a picture of the respiratory system. Include the following structures: nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchioles, alveoli and lungs.
Tuesday, April 1, 2008
The Heart Worksheet
1. All vertebrates have what type of circulatory system? Closed circulatory system.
2. How does the circulatory system maintain homeostasis? Through water and electrolyte transport, fluid volume control, and regulation of pH and of body temperature.
3. Name 4 functions of the circulatory system. Transports nutrients to cells, maintains homeostasis, carries hormones to regulate certain body functions, transports gases, and transports antibodies to fight infection.
4. What are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart called? Arteries.
5. What are blood vessels that carry blood to the heart called? Veins.
6. What is the sac that surrounds the heart called? The pericardium.
7. What is the muscular portion of the heart called? Myocardium.
8. What is the lining of the myocardium called? Endocardium.
9. What is the name of the upper cavities of the heart? Atria. The lower cavities? Ventricles.
10. What veins carry blood to the left atrium? The Pulmonary Vein. The right atrium? Superior and Inferior Vena Cava.
11. What arteries carry blood away from the left ventricle? Aorta. The right ventricle? Pulmonary Artery.
2. How does the circulatory system maintain homeostasis? Through water and electrolyte transport, fluid volume control, and regulation of pH and of body temperature.
3. Name 4 functions of the circulatory system. Transports nutrients to cells, maintains homeostasis, carries hormones to regulate certain body functions, transports gases, and transports antibodies to fight infection.
4. What are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart called? Arteries.
5. What are blood vessels that carry blood to the heart called? Veins.
6. What is the sac that surrounds the heart called? The pericardium.
7. What is the muscular portion of the heart called? Myocardium.
8. What is the lining of the myocardium called? Endocardium.
9. What is the name of the upper cavities of the heart? Atria. The lower cavities? Ventricles.
10. What veins carry blood to the left atrium? The Pulmonary Vein. The right atrium? Superior and Inferior Vena Cava.
11. What arteries carry blood away from the left ventricle? Aorta. The right ventricle? Pulmonary Artery.
Monday, March 31, 2008
Monday, March 24, 2008
Germ Infection Experiment
1. What we did
2. Results - what expected
3. Make better?
Basically we smeared this glowing "germ" stuff on our hands, then went into three different classrooms and three of us chose one person to shake hands with, then told them to shake hands with a few more people. Our results were surprisingly vague; we basically only found one person with the stuff on her hands still, probably because the tester had really smeared the stuff on her hands, so it showed up much better. I think that if we were to ever do this test again we might try it in a certain room where we would make all the test subjects stay until the test is over to prevent hand-washing, rubbing/wearing off, etc. I also really like the "powdered dollar bill" idea. :)
2. Results - what expected
3. Make better?
Basically we smeared this glowing "germ" stuff on our hands, then went into three different classrooms and three of us chose one person to shake hands with, then told them to shake hands with a few more people. Our results were surprisingly vague; we basically only found one person with the stuff on her hands still, probably because the tester had really smeared the stuff on her hands, so it showed up much better. I think that if we were to ever do this test again we might try it in a certain room where we would make all the test subjects stay until the test is over to prevent hand-washing, rubbing/wearing off, etc. I also really like the "powdered dollar bill" idea. :)
Nervous System Article Assignment
SUMMARY:
This article was about a scientist named Stice who has created a device from stem cells that allows for a reading that detects any chemicals in the air. This could be a very useful item, in preventing chemical poisoning, and chemical warfare. However, it is stated to be controversial in terms of where they recieve the stem cells from: "naturally dead embryos." Despite this, Stice seems to be a reliable scientist in terms of the success of his experiments.
Stem cell research is: what tissues you can make with stem cells and what you can cure with them.
How would these chemical detecting devices affect your life? They would really prevent some dangers of the world, such as if there was an accident at a nuclear plant, the device would keep you from getting radiation poisoning by warning you ahead of time. Therefore, at least some of the risks of death in society could be reduced. The same thing goes for chemical warfare; surviving war by avoiding chemicals leads to the possible winning of more wards, which leads to a change in the government/society, which could affect my life. Possibly.
Are these devices ethical? I believe so, in terms of causing no physical pain to anyone. The only controversial thing about them is the fact that they are using "naturally dead embryos," which means that they are using embyros that are 'too deficient to produce a fetus if implanted,' as stated in the article. Personally, I think they're A-okay, especially since they would be preventing people from dying of chemical poisoning, which is something I think is really sad.
How do you think these devices work? I'm not too sure, but it must be something related to reading the cells' reactions to chemicals present in the air. I have no clue how they can 'read' the cells' reactions, but it makes sense that the cells would react to chemicals since they react if they're in your body. The cells must do something certain, send out a certain nerve impulse or something that allows for the device to detect something chemical in the air.
What are some ways that these device can be used? In wars for things like tear gas, in homes for things like chemical poisoning in the air, or for countries with little/no defense against airborne chemicals. Basically it has many different uses. It could even be used in a nuclear powerplant to prevent spills/leaks, at least somewhat.
This article was about a scientist named Stice who has created a device from stem cells that allows for a reading that detects any chemicals in the air. This could be a very useful item, in preventing chemical poisoning, and chemical warfare. However, it is stated to be controversial in terms of where they recieve the stem cells from: "naturally dead embryos." Despite this, Stice seems to be a reliable scientist in terms of the success of his experiments.
Stem cell research is: what tissues you can make with stem cells and what you can cure with them.
How would these chemical detecting devices affect your life? They would really prevent some dangers of the world, such as if there was an accident at a nuclear plant, the device would keep you from getting radiation poisoning by warning you ahead of time. Therefore, at least some of the risks of death in society could be reduced. The same thing goes for chemical warfare; surviving war by avoiding chemicals leads to the possible winning of more wards, which leads to a change in the government/society, which could affect my life. Possibly.
Are these devices ethical? I believe so, in terms of causing no physical pain to anyone. The only controversial thing about them is the fact that they are using "naturally dead embryos," which means that they are using embyros that are 'too deficient to produce a fetus if implanted,' as stated in the article. Personally, I think they're A-okay, especially since they would be preventing people from dying of chemical poisoning, which is something I think is really sad.
How do you think these devices work? I'm not too sure, but it must be something related to reading the cells' reactions to chemicals present in the air. I have no clue how they can 'read' the cells' reactions, but it makes sense that the cells would react to chemicals since they react if they're in your body. The cells must do something certain, send out a certain nerve impulse or something that allows for the device to detect something chemical in the air.
What are some ways that these device can be used? In wars for things like tear gas, in homes for things like chemical poisoning in the air, or for countries with little/no defense against airborne chemicals. Basically it has many different uses. It could even be used in a nuclear powerplant to prevent spills/leaks, at least somewhat.
Thursday, March 20, 2008
Basic Eye Anatomy Worksheet
1. The eye is part of which nervous system? The CNS.
2. What types of tissues give the eye protection? Fatty and connective.
3. What structure in the eye produces tears? Lacrimal glands.
4. What acts as an antibacterial layer in the eye? The conjunctiva.
5. What is the cornea? The transparent layer that is the anterior part of the sclera, a tough fibrous connective tissue that protects the eye.
The Choriod is the middle layer of the eye that contains blood vessels and provides the eye with nutrition.
6. What layer of the eye contains the rods and cones? The retina.
7. What is the function of the rods? The cones? The rods are for night vision and the cones are for daylight and color vision.
8. What is the colored part of the eye? The iris.
9. What structure allows light to enter the eye? The pupil.
10. Sketch picture of eye with following labeled: lacrimal glands, eyelashes, iris, pupil, cornea, lens, eyelid, sclera, choroids, optic nerve, and retina
Tuesday, March 18, 2008
Basic Ear Anatomy Worksheet
1. Sketch a picture of an ear and label the following:
Inner ear
middle ear
outer ear
pinna
tympanic membrane
cochlea
stapes
malleus
incus
Inner ear
middle ear
outer ear
pinna
tympanic membrane
cochlea
stapes
malleus
incus
Click to enlarge.
2. What is the function of the following:
Pinna - a cartilage flap that directs sound waves into the ear
Tympanic membrane - responsible for turning sound waves into vibrations
Ossicles - the three bones inside the ear that help to amplify sounds
Cochlea - Fluid filled sac that converts sound into nerve impulses through way of tiny hairs located on the walls of the cochlea
Semicircular canals - Used for balance control
What three bones make up the ossicles? The malleus, the incus, and the stapes.
What is the function of hairs in the ear? To process sound vibrations into nerve impulses.
Pinna - a cartilage flap that directs sound waves into the ear
Tympanic membrane - responsible for turning sound waves into vibrations
Ossicles - the three bones inside the ear that help to amplify sounds
Cochlea - Fluid filled sac that converts sound into nerve impulses through way of tiny hairs located on the walls of the cochlea
Semicircular canals - Used for balance control
What three bones make up the ossicles? The malleus, the incus, and the stapes.
What is the function of hairs in the ear? To process sound vibrations into nerve impulses.
Monday, March 17, 2008
Basic Nervous System Anatomy Worksheet
1. What does CNS and PNS stand for? Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System.
2. What are the parts of the CNS? The brain and spinal chord.
3. Describe something that you do on a regular basis that your PNS controls. Digest food.
4. What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system and what does each control?
Sympathetic Nervous System - controls the body in times of stress, worry, fear, and emergency.
Parasympathetic Nervous System - brings the body to a normal state and allows for rest and relaxation.
5. What are the three main types of neurons? What is the function of each?
Sensory Neuron - conducts impulses from the body to the CNS
Motor Neuron - conducts impulses from CNS to effector organ
Interneuron - conducts impulses within the CNS
6. What is the function of the axon of a nerve cell? Sends out the impulses. The dendrite? Recieves the impulses.
7. What is a synapse? The transfer of impulses from the dendrite of one neuron to the axon of another neuron over the synaptic gap.
8. Sketch a neuron and label the axon and the dendrite.
2. What are the parts of the CNS? The brain and spinal chord.
3. Describe something that you do on a regular basis that your PNS controls. Digest food.
4. What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system and what does each control?
Sympathetic Nervous System - controls the body in times of stress, worry, fear, and emergency.
Parasympathetic Nervous System - brings the body to a normal state and allows for rest and relaxation.
5. What are the three main types of neurons? What is the function of each?
Sensory Neuron - conducts impulses from the body to the CNS
Motor Neuron - conducts impulses from CNS to effector organ
Interneuron - conducts impulses within the CNS
6. What is the function of the axon of a nerve cell? Sends out the impulses. The dendrite? Recieves the impulses.
7. What is a synapse? The transfer of impulses from the dendrite of one neuron to the axon of another neuron over the synaptic gap.
8. Sketch a neuron and label the axon and the dendrite.
Wednesday, March 5, 2008
Creative Writing with Medical Terms
Medical Roots, Prefixes, and Suffixes in Haiku form!
Hear the acoustic
Playing in albino snow
My biography
The chiropractor
He makes not an incision
Instead he pops bones
The labyrinth twirls round
I cannot find my way out
Will I die in here?
The computer stops
It will not make any more
Manual it is
She morphs into air
But what if I breathe her in?
I’ll run so I don’t
My myofibrils
Have disappeared once again
I am now rubber
The necromancer
He sings a song about death
It is a sad song
My osteocytes
Are really very small things
You can’t see them
Phagocytosis
The blood cells eat the virus
And then you are well
You’ll catch pneumonia
If you remain in that snow
Come and have some tea
The vein from your lungs
“Pulmonary artery”
Everyone has one
The quadruplets flew
Over the town, far away
They left this morning
He was sarcastic
When he said that you were dull
But I guess you are…
Ouch, that’s my sternum!
That really hurt, you loser
Now buy me some pie
Stethoscopes are cold!
Doctors think it is funny
I will pay them back
Synchronized swimming
It takes a lot of teamwork
...oh, and swimming skill…
Synovial joint
You help me move my body
How I love you so
Heterotrophic
That’s a cool ability
I wish that I was
“The vena cava”
It keeps me and you alive
But you don’t have one…?
Her xiphoid process
Got broken off one sad day
During CPR
Catastrophic storms
I am terrified of them
I hope for safety
One day I noticed
Cervical vertebrae sign
It said “watch your neck”
The diaphysis
Was broken in a fracture
A complete fracture
Hear the acoustic
Playing in albino snow
My biography
The chiropractor
He makes not an incision
Instead he pops bones
The labyrinth twirls round
I cannot find my way out
Will I die in here?
The computer stops
It will not make any more
Manual it is
She morphs into air
But what if I breathe her in?
I’ll run so I don’t
My myofibrils
Have disappeared once again
I am now rubber
The necromancer
He sings a song about death
It is a sad song
My osteocytes
Are really very small things
You can’t see them
Phagocytosis
The blood cells eat the virus
And then you are well
You’ll catch pneumonia
If you remain in that snow
Come and have some tea
The vein from your lungs
“Pulmonary artery”
Everyone has one
The quadruplets flew
Over the town, far away
They left this morning
He was sarcastic
When he said that you were dull
But I guess you are…
Ouch, that’s my sternum!
That really hurt, you loser
Now buy me some pie
Stethoscopes are cold!
Doctors think it is funny
I will pay them back
Synchronized swimming
It takes a lot of teamwork
...oh, and swimming skill…
Synovial joint
You help me move my body
How I love you so
Heterotrophic
That’s a cool ability
I wish that I was
“The vena cava”
It keeps me and you alive
But you don’t have one…?
Her xiphoid process
Got broken off one sad day
During CPR
Catastrophic storms
I am terrified of them
I hope for safety
One day I noticed
Cervical vertebrae sign
It said “watch your neck”
The diaphysis
Was broken in a fracture
A complete fracture
Tuesday, March 4, 2008
Monday, March 3, 2008
Skeletal Muscle Physiology Worksheet
What percent of the body is smooth muscle? 40% Striated muscle? 5 to 10%
Contracted:
Name 3 types of muscle proteins. What is the function of each?
1. Stroma - a structural element to hold structures in place
2. Cellular - are not characteristic of muscle
3. Contractile - two types: myosin and actin.
What is a myofibril? A muscle fiber.
Sketch a picture of a sarcomere. Label the I-band, the A-band, the Z-line and the H-zone.
Name the two filaments that make up a sarcomere. Thick filament and thin filament.
Draw a sarcomere at rest, stretched out and contracted.
At Rest:
Stretched Out:
Contracted:What is the sliding filament theory? That filaments slide together or apart rather than shortening or lengthening.
Muscle relaxation ensues upon the removal of what? Calcium ions.
Muscle relaxation ensues upon the removal of what? Calcium ions.
Wednesday, February 27, 2008
Basic Joint Anatomy Worksheet
Why is there little to no movement in a fibrous joint? Because the bones making them up are made of fibrous tissue, which is very tough.
What is an example of a fibrous joint? The bones in your skull.
Describe a cartilaginous joint and give an example. Very little movement occurs between a cartilaginous joint. It's formed by two bones that are united by intervening fibrocartilage. Example: Vertebrate of the spinal column are formed by intervertebral disks.
What type of joint essentially allows free movement? Synovial joint.
What lubricates a joint cavity? Synovial fluid.
For the following joint types please list the name of the joint type, the type of movement of the joint, the shape of the joint and an example:
Plane joint - gliding in any direction - slightly curved articular surfaces - carpal bones in the hand
Hinge joint - rotation around a single axis - one irregular cylinder surface and one surface with a concave groove - the elbow joint
Condylar joint - Similar to a hinge joint but permits more movement - two articular surfaces (condyles) - the knee joint
Ball and Socket joint - many different directions - a spherical articulation fitting into a cup shaped cavity - the shoulder joint
Ellipsoidal joint - much movement, like with the wrist joint - like the ball and socket joint, only the ball joint is oval shaped - the wrist joint
Pivot joint - allows for two bones to pivot around one another - a bony peg that fits into a concave notch - the joint between the radius and ulna
Saddle joint - many directions - resembles two western saddles - the joint at the base of the thumb
What is an example of a fibrous joint? The bones in your skull.
Describe a cartilaginous joint and give an example. Very little movement occurs between a cartilaginous joint. It's formed by two bones that are united by intervening fibrocartilage. Example: Vertebrate of the spinal column are formed by intervertebral disks.
What type of joint essentially allows free movement? Synovial joint.
What lubricates a joint cavity? Synovial fluid.
For the following joint types please list the name of the joint type, the type of movement of the joint, the shape of the joint and an example:
Plane joint - gliding in any direction - slightly curved articular surfaces - carpal bones in the hand
Hinge joint - rotation around a single axis - one irregular cylinder surface and one surface with a concave groove - the elbow joint
Condylar joint - Similar to a hinge joint but permits more movement - two articular surfaces (condyles) - the knee joint
Ball and Socket joint - many different directions - a spherical articulation fitting into a cup shaped cavity - the shoulder joint
Ellipsoidal joint - much movement, like with the wrist joint - like the ball and socket joint, only the ball joint is oval shaped - the wrist joint
Pivot joint - allows for two bones to pivot around one another - a bony peg that fits into a concave notch - the joint between the radius and ulna
Saddle joint - many directions - resembles two western saddles - the joint at the base of the thumb
Tuesday, February 26, 2008
Basic Skeletal Anatomy Worksheet
1. Describe the 4 functions of bones.
-Protect internal organs
-Allow for muscle attachment
-Support the body
-Produce blood cells
2. How many bones are there in the human body? 206.
3. What are the two divisions of the skeletal system? Axial and appendicular.
Name 5 specific bones in each division.
AXIAL:
- Skull
- Clavicle
- Sternum
- Rib Cage
- Vertebral Column
APPENDICULAR:
- Humerus
- Tibia
- Fibula
- Femur
- Patella
4. What bone makes up the upper arm? Humerus.
5. What bone makes up the face? Skull.
6. Name two bones that protect vital internal organs. Pelvis and Rib Cage.
7. What bone in the forearm is always on thumb side? Radius.
8. What bone is movable for back muscles to attach to? Scapula.
9. What bone is also known as the shin bone? Tibia.
10. Sketch a human skeleton and label the following bones: skull, clavicle, sternum, humerus, radius, ulna, patella, femur, tibia, fibula, pelvis, vertebral column, scapula and rib cage.
-Protect internal organs
-Allow for muscle attachment
-Support the body
-Produce blood cells
2. How many bones are there in the human body? 206.
3. What are the two divisions of the skeletal system? Axial and appendicular.
Name 5 specific bones in each division.
AXIAL:
- Skull
- Clavicle
- Sternum
- Rib Cage
- Vertebral Column
APPENDICULAR:
- Humerus
- Tibia
- Fibula
- Femur
- Patella
4. What bone makes up the upper arm? Humerus.
5. What bone makes up the face? Skull.
6. Name two bones that protect vital internal organs. Pelvis and Rib Cage.
7. What bone in the forearm is always on thumb side? Radius.
8. What bone is movable for back muscles to attach to? Scapula.
9. What bone is also known as the shin bone? Tibia.
10. Sketch a human skeleton and label the following bones: skull, clavicle, sternum, humerus, radius, ulna, patella, femur, tibia, fibula, pelvis, vertebral column, scapula and rib cage.
(click to enlarge :D)
Monday, February 25, 2008
Tuesday, February 19, 2008
Body Image Video Questions
Do you think that the symmetry test conducted on the baby was flawed? Somewhat. How? Well, the face that the baby saw was probably computer generated, which, I think, causes the results to lose some value. Also, why should it matter if a baby pays more attention to either picture? (Besides the fact that they were doing "beauty" research.) Describe how you would design an experiment that could fool the baby and skew the results. Well, you could put the two pictures up as normally, only you could make one of them in bright, vibrant colors and the other in black and white, and vice versa.
What is missing from this video about beauty? Well, to start, the fact that there is such thing as inner beauty. Also, if you meet someone you don't really consider that gorgeous, if you get to know them and start to really like them, you'll probably think they look much better than you first did. Plus, considering people beautiful and ugly is a judgement. We all do it, and it's not a bad thing, but you can't live your life thinking that you never want to get to know someone just because you consider them "ugly."
What are features that might break the “typical” beauty rules? Well, to start, a lot of people don't have perfect symmetry, color, and clarity. There is definitely a lot of beauty in people who aren't considered "perfect" by society. How are these different from the “typical” beauty rules? Well, they don't include perfection, so therefore they are nearly opposite to the typical beauty rules. For example, a typical beauty rule could be symmetry. A feature that breaks that rule is someone who looks very good un-symmetrical.
How does this video make you feel about beauty? It really didn't change my views of beauty. I believe in trying your best to reflect your inner self on the outside (but not to the point of pain or perfection). I also believe that people are very different on the inside than on the outside. The video really made me realize how important it is for me to hold onto my beliefs of beauty in order to keep being happy, because if I believed any of the crud they were talking about then I probably would not be a happy person.
What is it about the skin that makes it return to its place? The elasticity cells. What property is this? Elasticity property! :D
What are the risks of cosmetic surgery? Well, there is always the risk of infection. Plus, there is a big risk that you will spend lots of money and then not be happy with your results, then end up paying more and more... Would you ever do it? Well, it's very iffy for me. There are two reasons, in my opinion, to get plastic surgery. One is for typical beauty reasons, and the other is for any kind of physical or emotional unahppiness, i.e. being absolutely miserable because you hate your nose, or being in a car wreck and having to get your face fixed up. However, there are so many reasons that could tie into both "categories." As for me, I would never change the way I look just to conform or to be more beautiful according to beauty experts. The only time I'd ever change my appearance is for my own well-being or choice. On the other hand, I would seriously consider plastic surgery if I were to be disfigured somehow by an accident/illness of some sort. What would you be willing to risk for cosmetic surgery? It depends. For personal reasons, I would definitely not want to be in surgery for more than an hour or two. However, for reasons like if my face was destroyed/damaged in an accident, I would probably be willing to go through surgery and an extensive healing process. How long will it last? For either of those things, it would probably be something permanent. I would never get plastic surgery or anything like that (like botox) just for a "quick fix."
Someone in the video is quoted as saying that “make-up can make anyone prettier.” Do you agree with this? Support your answer. I highly disagree with this. I mean, sure, according to beauty experts, a face covered in make-up is prettier than one without. I think that that is complete crap. I happen to prefer people without make-up because you can see their true faces and natural beauty. I'm a big believer in natural beauty. There's also another side to this, though, which is that some people look really good with certain types of make-up on, but that doesn't necessarily mean they're ugly without it. It's very controversial, but for me, I absolutely do not support that statement. I think it's a statement that a lot of people believe for the sake of conforming, though. Some people say to me sometimes, "Oh, I feel so horrible because I didn't get a chance to put on any make-up this morning." Yet they look almost the same, only better. Not as fake.
Do you think that there are cultural differences in how cosmetic surgery is viewed? Definitely. It could be against some religions, or against certain regulations in different cultures. Some cultures may absolutely prohibit it because it may conflict with religion, rules, etc, while other cultures may encourage it or not care either way.
What is missing from this video about beauty? Well, to start, the fact that there is such thing as inner beauty. Also, if you meet someone you don't really consider that gorgeous, if you get to know them and start to really like them, you'll probably think they look much better than you first did. Plus, considering people beautiful and ugly is a judgement. We all do it, and it's not a bad thing, but you can't live your life thinking that you never want to get to know someone just because you consider them "ugly."
What are features that might break the “typical” beauty rules? Well, to start, a lot of people don't have perfect symmetry, color, and clarity. There is definitely a lot of beauty in people who aren't considered "perfect" by society. How are these different from the “typical” beauty rules? Well, they don't include perfection, so therefore they are nearly opposite to the typical beauty rules. For example, a typical beauty rule could be symmetry. A feature that breaks that rule is someone who looks very good un-symmetrical.
How does this video make you feel about beauty? It really didn't change my views of beauty. I believe in trying your best to reflect your inner self on the outside (but not to the point of pain or perfection). I also believe that people are very different on the inside than on the outside. The video really made me realize how important it is for me to hold onto my beliefs of beauty in order to keep being happy, because if I believed any of the crud they were talking about then I probably would not be a happy person.
What is it about the skin that makes it return to its place? The elasticity cells. What property is this? Elasticity property! :D
What are the risks of cosmetic surgery? Well, there is always the risk of infection. Plus, there is a big risk that you will spend lots of money and then not be happy with your results, then end up paying more and more... Would you ever do it? Well, it's very iffy for me. There are two reasons, in my opinion, to get plastic surgery. One is for typical beauty reasons, and the other is for any kind of physical or emotional unahppiness, i.e. being absolutely miserable because you hate your nose, or being in a car wreck and having to get your face fixed up. However, there are so many reasons that could tie into both "categories." As for me, I would never change the way I look just to conform or to be more beautiful according to beauty experts. The only time I'd ever change my appearance is for my own well-being or choice. On the other hand, I would seriously consider plastic surgery if I were to be disfigured somehow by an accident/illness of some sort. What would you be willing to risk for cosmetic surgery? It depends. For personal reasons, I would definitely not want to be in surgery for more than an hour or two. However, for reasons like if my face was destroyed/damaged in an accident, I would probably be willing to go through surgery and an extensive healing process. How long will it last? For either of those things, it would probably be something permanent. I would never get plastic surgery or anything like that (like botox) just for a "quick fix."
Someone in the video is quoted as saying that “make-up can make anyone prettier.” Do you agree with this? Support your answer. I highly disagree with this. I mean, sure, according to beauty experts, a face covered in make-up is prettier than one without. I think that that is complete crap. I happen to prefer people without make-up because you can see their true faces and natural beauty. I'm a big believer in natural beauty. There's also another side to this, though, which is that some people look really good with certain types of make-up on, but that doesn't necessarily mean they're ugly without it. It's very controversial, but for me, I absolutely do not support that statement. I think it's a statement that a lot of people believe for the sake of conforming, though. Some people say to me sometimes, "Oh, I feel so horrible because I didn't get a chance to put on any make-up this morning." Yet they look almost the same, only better. Not as fake.
Do you think that there are cultural differences in how cosmetic surgery is viewed? Definitely. It could be against some religions, or against certain regulations in different cultures. Some cultures may absolutely prohibit it because it may conflict with religion, rules, etc, while other cultures may encourage it or not care either way.
Tuesday, February 12, 2008
Integumentary System Study Questions in Text
Pages 193 and 194
Critical Thinking Questions: 3, 6, and 8
3. As a rule, a superficial partial-thickness burn is more painful than one involving deeper tissues. How would you explain this observation? The deeper the burn, the more nerve tissue is damaged. The more nerve tissue damaged, the less pain you feel.
6. How would you explain to an athlete the importance of keeping the body hydrated when exercising in warm weather? 1. Water enables you to keep sweating and keep your body cool. 2. Losing water makes you lose certain nutrients in your body (potassium, electrolytes) which can cause muscle cramping. 3. Loss of water also causes reduced blood volume, resulting in less efficiency for carrying nutrients/oxygen to your body.
8. How is skin peeling after a servere sunburn protective? How might a fever be protective? Skin peeling after a sunburn is protective because the skin is dead and must fall off to prevent infection and enable new skin to grow in its place. A fever is protective because the higher temperatures kill germs invading your body.
Review Exercises: 4, 5, 6, 8, 13, 15, 16, 22, 25, 27, 28 and 29
4. List six functions of skin.
1- Holds you together!
2- Heat regulation.
3. Waterproofing!
4. First defense against germs.
5. Sensory reception.
6. Vitamin D production.
5. Distinguish betqween the epidermis and the dermis. The epidermis is the top layer of your skin, which is visible and is composed of two layers. Underneath that is the dermis, which is composed of connective tissue, elastic fibers, and sensory nerves.
6. Describe the subcutaneous layer. It is located under the dermis and is composed mainly of adipose. It is used for energy storage, insulation, and protection for your body. It can also result in obesity if there is too much.
8. List the layers of the epidermis. Stratum Germinativum (on the bottom) and Stratum Corneum (top layer).
13. Distinguish between a hair and a hair follicle. A hair is a thin, oil-coated strand of particles that grows from your skin. A hair follicle is where the hair grows from under your skin. It also is where the oil is stored.
15. Describe how nails are formed. Nails are made of dead cells. They grow underneath your skin in a "nail room." The cells layer on top of one another until your nail protrudes from the skin and becomes your nail body. The cuticle covers the nail root and protects the nail.
16. Explain the function of sebaceous glands. They secrete oil into the hair follicle and allow your skin to be waterproofed.
22. Describe the body's responses to decreasing body temperature. Well, if you get too cold, your brain sends a signal to your body and you begin to shiver. Those vibrations put off energy (heat!) and you get warmer. Also blood from your appendages (especially yours hands, feet, and nose) comes into the trunk and head of your body to keep you warm.
25. Describe three physiological factors that affect skin color. Bloodflow: The amount of blood underneath your skin accounts for some of the color of your skin, such as people who have naturally rosy cheeks. Natural pigment: Pigment produced affects your skin color. Tanning/Freckles: The skin's response to UV light increases the amount of pigment produced (to protect your skin from the sunlight) and you tan, or get more freckles.
27. Distinguish among first, second, third degree burns. First degree is a red mark that is painful and heals fairly quickly. (No blistering.) Second degree blisters and is very painful, and takes a longer amount of time to heal. Third degree is below the skin and straight to the nerves, so there is no pain because the nerves are burned away. Third degree can take a very long time to heal, and may require autografts or heterografts.
28. Describe possible treatments for a third degree burn. Autografts/heterografts are a possible solution. Also, time. You must also keep the wound cleaned to prevent infection, which will make the damage take longer to heal.
29. List three effects of aging on skin. 1. Skin cells, as they age, can lose the ability to divide correctly, resulting in age spots, or pre-cancerous spots on the skin that can become cancer unless removed. 2. Wrinkling. 3. Skin loses its elasticity.
Critical Thinking Questions: 3, 6, and 8
3. As a rule, a superficial partial-thickness burn is more painful than one involving deeper tissues. How would you explain this observation? The deeper the burn, the more nerve tissue is damaged. The more nerve tissue damaged, the less pain you feel.
6. How would you explain to an athlete the importance of keeping the body hydrated when exercising in warm weather? 1. Water enables you to keep sweating and keep your body cool. 2. Losing water makes you lose certain nutrients in your body (potassium, electrolytes) which can cause muscle cramping. 3. Loss of water also causes reduced blood volume, resulting in less efficiency for carrying nutrients/oxygen to your body.
8. How is skin peeling after a servere sunburn protective? How might a fever be protective? Skin peeling after a sunburn is protective because the skin is dead and must fall off to prevent infection and enable new skin to grow in its place. A fever is protective because the higher temperatures kill germs invading your body.
Review Exercises: 4, 5, 6, 8, 13, 15, 16, 22, 25, 27, 28 and 29
4. List six functions of skin.
1- Holds you together!
2- Heat regulation.
3. Waterproofing!
4. First defense against germs.
5. Sensory reception.
6. Vitamin D production.
5. Distinguish betqween the epidermis and the dermis. The epidermis is the top layer of your skin, which is visible and is composed of two layers. Underneath that is the dermis, which is composed of connective tissue, elastic fibers, and sensory nerves.
6. Describe the subcutaneous layer. It is located under the dermis and is composed mainly of adipose. It is used for energy storage, insulation, and protection for your body. It can also result in obesity if there is too much.
8. List the layers of the epidermis. Stratum Germinativum (on the bottom) and Stratum Corneum (top layer).
13. Distinguish between a hair and a hair follicle. A hair is a thin, oil-coated strand of particles that grows from your skin. A hair follicle is where the hair grows from under your skin. It also is where the oil is stored.
15. Describe how nails are formed. Nails are made of dead cells. They grow underneath your skin in a "nail room." The cells layer on top of one another until your nail protrudes from the skin and becomes your nail body. The cuticle covers the nail root and protects the nail.
16. Explain the function of sebaceous glands. They secrete oil into the hair follicle and allow your skin to be waterproofed.
22. Describe the body's responses to decreasing body temperature. Well, if you get too cold, your brain sends a signal to your body and you begin to shiver. Those vibrations put off energy (heat!) and you get warmer. Also blood from your appendages (especially yours hands, feet, and nose) comes into the trunk and head of your body to keep you warm.
25. Describe three physiological factors that affect skin color. Bloodflow: The amount of blood underneath your skin accounts for some of the color of your skin, such as people who have naturally rosy cheeks. Natural pigment: Pigment produced affects your skin color. Tanning/Freckles: The skin's response to UV light increases the amount of pigment produced (to protect your skin from the sunlight) and you tan, or get more freckles.
27. Distinguish among first, second, third degree burns. First degree is a red mark that is painful and heals fairly quickly. (No blistering.) Second degree blisters and is very painful, and takes a longer amount of time to heal. Third degree is below the skin and straight to the nerves, so there is no pain because the nerves are burned away. Third degree can take a very long time to heal, and may require autografts or heterografts.
28. Describe possible treatments for a third degree burn. Autografts/heterografts are a possible solution. Also, time. You must also keep the wound cleaned to prevent infection, which will make the damage take longer to heal.
29. List three effects of aging on skin. 1. Skin cells, as they age, can lose the ability to divide correctly, resulting in age spots, or pre-cancerous spots on the skin that can become cancer unless removed. 2. Wrinkling. 3. Skin loses its elasticity.
Monday, February 11, 2008
Thursday, February 7, 2008
Cell-ebrety Squared Video Questions
There are 5 basic life functions
1. Growth and Development
2. Use energy
3. Reproduce
4. Respond to environment
5. To get rid of wastes
All living things have certain things in common
1. Adaptation to their environment
2. Ability to use energy
3. Sensitive to environment
4. Reproduction
5. Ability to grow
6. Cells
The building blocks of life are cells.
All cells in a human are not the same. Please give examples of at least two different types of cells in humans. Tissue cells, muscle cells.
Why are cells not the same? Because groups of cells (tissues) are "programmed" to perform different tasks in the body.
The first person to discover cells was Robert Hook. He called them cells because they looked like tiny rooms. He first saw cells when he was looking at a piece of cork under a microscope.
The cell theory was created by Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann.
The three main ideas in the cell theory are
1. Cells are the basic unit of life
2. All organisms are composed of one or more cells
3. All cells arise from preexisting cells
Unlike animal cells, plant cells contain the organelles chloroplast and cell wall.
All animal cells are covered in a cell membrane. The function of this is to protect the cell's organelles, hold the parts together, and allow chemicals/nutrients to pass to and from the cell.
The different parts of the cell are known as organelles. Each organelle has a specific function. The function of the nucleus is the controller of the cell's functions. The mitochondria are also known as the power plants of the cell because their function is to break down food and aquire the energy produced by doing so. Storage is the main function of the vacuole.
Bacteria are interesting organisms. Bacterial cells do not have a nucleus.
Instead the chromosomes of the cell are located throughout the cell.
There are different types of transport used in cells as well. Diffusion is the movement of particles from high concentration to low concentration. Osmosis is different than this because it requires water and materials crossing over a membrane.
What is the difference between active and passive transport? Passive transport happens without using energy and active transport requires energy because the particles passing are bigger.
What organelle makes the energy used in active transport? Mitochondria.
Is a virus a living cell? No.
What is contained inside a virus? Part of a chromosome.
What is the only life function of a virus? Reproduction.
1. Growth and Development
2. Use energy
3. Reproduce
4. Respond to environment
5. To get rid of wastes
All living things have certain things in common
1. Adaptation to their environment
2. Ability to use energy
3. Sensitive to environment
4. Reproduction
5. Ability to grow
6. Cells
The building blocks of life are cells.
All cells in a human are not the same. Please give examples of at least two different types of cells in humans. Tissue cells, muscle cells.
Why are cells not the same? Because groups of cells (tissues) are "programmed" to perform different tasks in the body.
The first person to discover cells was Robert Hook. He called them cells because they looked like tiny rooms. He first saw cells when he was looking at a piece of cork under a microscope.
The cell theory was created by Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann.
The three main ideas in the cell theory are
1. Cells are the basic unit of life
2. All organisms are composed of one or more cells
3. All cells arise from preexisting cells
Unlike animal cells, plant cells contain the organelles chloroplast and cell wall.
All animal cells are covered in a cell membrane. The function of this is to protect the cell's organelles, hold the parts together, and allow chemicals/nutrients to pass to and from the cell.
The different parts of the cell are known as organelles. Each organelle has a specific function. The function of the nucleus is the controller of the cell's functions. The mitochondria are also known as the power plants of the cell because their function is to break down food and aquire the energy produced by doing so. Storage is the main function of the vacuole.
Bacteria are interesting organisms. Bacterial cells do not have a nucleus.
Instead the chromosomes of the cell are located throughout the cell.
There are different types of transport used in cells as well. Diffusion is the movement of particles from high concentration to low concentration. Osmosis is different than this because it requires water and materials crossing over a membrane.
What is the difference between active and passive transport? Passive transport happens without using energy and active transport requires energy because the particles passing are bigger.
What organelle makes the energy used in active transport? Mitochondria.
Is a virus a living cell? No.
What is contained inside a virus? Part of a chromosome.
What is the only life function of a virus? Reproduction.
Tuesday, February 5, 2008
Study Questions in Anatomy Text
Chapter 1: Page 29
-Critical Thinking Questions: 2 and 4
-Review Exercises:Part A: 2, 4, 6, 7, 11, 13, and 14
-Part B: 1 and 3
Chapter 3: page 107 - 108
-Critical Thinking Questions: 1
-Review Exercises: 2, 3, 12, 13, and 14
Chapter 5: page 167
-Review Exercises: 1, 2, and 12
Chapter 1: Page 29
CT: 2 and 4
2. In health, body parts interact to maintain homeostasis. Illness may threaten homeostasis, requiring treatments. What treatments might be used to help control a patient's (a) body temperature, (b) blood oxygen concentration, and (c) water content?
(a) Heat or cold applied, something warm or cold consumed. (Depends on if the person is too cold or too hot.)
(b) If a person is hyperventilating, they could breathe into a paper bag to lower oxygen intake.
(c) Dialysis to lower water amount in the blood/IV with a water drip
4. If a patient complained of a stomachache and pointed to the umbilical region as the site of discomfort, which organs located in this region might be the source of the pain? It could be their small/large intestine.
Review Exercises:Part A: 2, 4, 6, 7, 11, 13, and 14
2. Distinguish between anatomy and physiology. Anatomy is the study of the body's parts, while physiology is the study of the functions of the body's parts.
4. List and describe 10 characteristics of life.
1- Growth: Ability to grow physically
2- Learning: Gaining new knowledge every day
3- Energy: Ability to use energy
4- Cells: Made up of cells
5- Sensitivity: Physically and emotionally in touch with surroundings
6- Adaptation: Adapting to the environment
7- Health: Maintaining physical and mental well-being
8- Nutrition: Maintaining a diet to make more energy
9- Hydration: A need to drink water to stay hydrated
10- Reproduction: Reproducing to sustain the species
6. List and describe 5 requirements of organisms.
1- Food: all organisms must consume food to produce energy and sustain locomotion
2-Hydration: water is the key to all organisms, to keep them hydrated, keep insides "oiled", digest food, and aid with homeostasis.
3-Movement (Use Energy): movement is very important for most organisms to obtain food, escape danger, and burn energy (which then makes the organism require more energy, or food)
4-Sunlight: Light is important to almost all organisms. For plants, it is required for photosynthesis. For most other animals it enables them to see, and for some animals it enables vitamin D to be produced. (For humans, it keeps us happy too.) Also, the sun is our source of warmth, which is very important for life.
5-Waste removal: This is extremely important to remove bodily wastes produced from normal bodily functions, to remove foreign materials from the body, and to remove toxins.
6- Temperature: For anything to live, a certain temperature must be maintained. Most organisms cannot survive in freezing or scorching temperatures. A balance must be made, especially internally. Through homeostasis, animals can adjust temperature as needed.
7- Response: Responding to the environment
8- Reproduction: Reproducing to sustain the species
7. Explain how the idea of homeostasis relates to the five requirements you listed in item 6.
1- Food: Digestion can raise body temperature because digestion uses energy; therefore, homeostasis must be maintained while eating.
2- Hydration: Drinking water is very important for homeostasis. Drinking cool water can lower your temperature if it is too high, and also promotes more water for sweating, which can also cool you down.
3- Movement: Moving requires using energy, so homeostasis is required at all times. When you exercise, you get really hot because you are burning a lot of energy, so homeostasis enables you to sweat to cool down.
4- Sunlight: Sunlight is an outside way to warm up, and also provides some energy. Sunlight can activate homeostasis by promoting sweating when you get too hot.
5- Waste removal: Removing wastes from the body makes everything inside you stay healthy and work properly, which of course includes homeostasis.
6- Temperature: Temperature maintainment is homeostasis! :)
7- Response: Homeostasis is a response to the environment, letting our brains know whether to cool us down or heat us up
8- Reproduction: Reproductive cells in any animal obviously must remain a certain temperature to stay alive and enable the organism to reproduce successfully. Also, in female mammals, the embryo must have a stable temperature to remain living.
11. Describe how homeostatic mechanisms act by negative feedback.
Let's say you're outside in the snow wearing a t-shirt and blue jeans. You'd be cold, for sure! So, you're skin senses the cold temperature and sends a signal to your brain, which activates homeostasis. Homeostasis would then make you shiver, because the vibration produce energy, or heat, which warms you up. Now let's say you're outside in the snow with layers and layers of clothing. You wouldn't shiver as much because the heat produced by your body absorbs into the clothing and surrounds you. Therefore, you probably wouldn't shiver as much. Now let's pretend you're outside in the desert. You're body would "read" the temperature around you and make you sweat to cool off, and you would also feel thirsty for nice, cool water. So whatever your temperature inside and the temperature externally, your body will adjust to make your temperature stay regulated.
13. Distinguish between the axial and appendicular portions of the body.
Appendicular: Every part of your body except for your trunk, neck and head.
Axial: You head, neck, and trunk. (Not including arms.)
14. Distinguish between the dorsal and ventral body cavities, and name the smaller cavities within each one.
Dorsal Cavity (in the back): Contains the cranial cavity and the spinal cavity.
Ventral Cavity (in the front): Contains the Thoracic Cavity and the Abdominopelvic Cavity.
-Thoracic Cavity: Contains the Pleural Cavity and the Pericardial Cavity.
-Abdominopelvic Cavity: Contains the Abdominal Cavity and the Pelvic Cavity.
Part B: 1 and 3
1. Name the body cavity housing each of the following organs:
a. stomach (abdominal cavity)
b. heart (pericardial cavity)
c. brain (cranial cavity)
d. liver (abdominal cavity)
e. trachea (thoracic cavity)
f. rectum (pelvic cavity)
g. spinal cord (spinal cavity)
h. esophagus (thoracic cavity)
i. spleen (abdominal cavity)
j. urinary bladder (pelvic cavity)
3. Prepare a sketch of a human body, and use lines to indicate each other the following sections:
a. sagittal
b. transverse
c. coronal
Chapter 3: page 107 - 108
Critical Thinking Questions: 1
1. Which process--diffusion, osmosis, or filtration--accounts for the following situations?
a. Injection of a drug that is hypertonic to the tissues stimulates pain (diffusion)
b. A person with extremely low blood pressure stops producing urine (osmosis)
c. The connection of urea in the dialyzing fluid of an artificial kidney is kept low (filtration)
Review Exercises: 2, 3, 12, 13, and 14
2. Describe how the shapes of nerve, epithelial, and muscle cells are well suited to their functions. -Nerve cells are long and stringy, which supports the electrical impulses sent over them. They also have many, many 'branches' along them to enable fast and convenient travel for the impulses.
-Muscle cells are thick and able to stretch and contract, allowing for muscle movement.
-Epithelial cells can stretch and are flexible to allow for movement without snapping. They also have pores to enable sweat to be released.
3. Name the major components of a cell, and describe how they interact.
I suppose the major components would be the nucleus, the mitochondria, and the cell membrane.
Nucleus: The brain of the cell which 'commands' all organelles within the cell.
Mitochondria: The 'energy plant' of the cell. Stores energy and allows the cell to use the energy for basic functions.
Cell Membrane: Holds all organelles within the cell together and allows materials to leave and enter the cell.
How they interact: Well, the cell requires energy to funtion, it needs a 'brain' to guide it, and it needs a membrane to support all of the organelles.
12. Describe the structures and functions of each of the following:
a. endoplasmic reticulum - a long, winding 'road' that leads out of the cell. The 'highway' in the cell that transports nutrients, wastes, etc. Two types: Rough and Smooth.
b. ribosome - produces the protein code needed for mitosis (in a process called translation).
c. Golgi apparatus - a 'stack' of membrane that resembles a stack of pancakes. Sorts out different nutrients for the cell.
d. mitochondrion - the energy storage unit in the cell. Stores ATP for later use.
e. lysosome - an organelle that contains digestive enzymes. Digests worn out organelles, food particles, and viruses or bacteria which have been captured or have entered the cell.
f. peroxisome - organelles that aid in the digestion of fatty acids.
g. cilium - a hair-like structure found outside the cell which aids in the cell's movement.
h. flagellum - also a hair-like structure found outside the cells which aids in movement.
i. centrosome - A structure which builds spindle-fibers during mitosis/meiosis to aid in the two processes.
j. vesicle - Like a vacuole, this organelle stores and transports substances.
k. microfilament - The thinnest filaments found in the cytoplasm of the cell.
l. microtube - ? The smallest kind of 'road' in a cell used to transport substances?
13. Describe the structure of the nucleus and the functions of its contents.
Nucleus: the nucleus is the brain of the cell and tells each organelle what to do. Found within it is the nucleolus, who's main function is the making of ribosomes.
14. Distinguish between diffusion and facilitated diffusion.
Diffusion is when everything dissolves in a given substance, and facilitated diffusion is diffusion where only some particles can dissolve and pass through while others cannot.
Chapter 5: page 167
Review Exercises: 1, 2, and 12
1. Define tissue. A group of cells that perform the same function.
2. Name the four major types of tissue found in the human body. Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nerve.
12. Describe the general characteristics of connective tissue.
Connective tissue supports and protects, for example: along bones and muscles. It allows for things to connect (hence the name) throughout the body.
-Critical Thinking Questions: 2 and 4
-Review Exercises:Part A: 2, 4, 6, 7, 11, 13, and 14
-Part B: 1 and 3
Chapter 3: page 107 - 108
-Critical Thinking Questions: 1
-Review Exercises: 2, 3, 12, 13, and 14
Chapter 5: page 167
-Review Exercises: 1, 2, and 12
Chapter 1: Page 29
CT: 2 and 4
2. In health, body parts interact to maintain homeostasis. Illness may threaten homeostasis, requiring treatments. What treatments might be used to help control a patient's (a) body temperature, (b) blood oxygen concentration, and (c) water content?
(a) Heat or cold applied, something warm or cold consumed. (Depends on if the person is too cold or too hot.)
(b) If a person is hyperventilating, they could breathe into a paper bag to lower oxygen intake.
(c) Dialysis to lower water amount in the blood/IV with a water drip
4. If a patient complained of a stomachache and pointed to the umbilical region as the site of discomfort, which organs located in this region might be the source of the pain? It could be their small/large intestine.
Review Exercises:Part A: 2, 4, 6, 7, 11, 13, and 14
2. Distinguish between anatomy and physiology. Anatomy is the study of the body's parts, while physiology is the study of the functions of the body's parts.
4. List and describe 10 characteristics of life.
1- Growth: Ability to grow physically
2- Learning: Gaining new knowledge every day
3- Energy: Ability to use energy
4- Cells: Made up of cells
5- Sensitivity: Physically and emotionally in touch with surroundings
6- Adaptation: Adapting to the environment
7- Health: Maintaining physical and mental well-being
8- Nutrition: Maintaining a diet to make more energy
9- Hydration: A need to drink water to stay hydrated
10- Reproduction: Reproducing to sustain the species
6. List and describe 5 requirements of organisms.
1- Food: all organisms must consume food to produce energy and sustain locomotion
2-Hydration: water is the key to all organisms, to keep them hydrated, keep insides "oiled", digest food, and aid with homeostasis.
3-Movement (Use Energy): movement is very important for most organisms to obtain food, escape danger, and burn energy (which then makes the organism require more energy, or food)
4-Sunlight: Light is important to almost all organisms. For plants, it is required for photosynthesis. For most other animals it enables them to see, and for some animals it enables vitamin D to be produced. (For humans, it keeps us happy too.) Also, the sun is our source of warmth, which is very important for life.
5-Waste removal: This is extremely important to remove bodily wastes produced from normal bodily functions, to remove foreign materials from the body, and to remove toxins.
6- Temperature: For anything to live, a certain temperature must be maintained. Most organisms cannot survive in freezing or scorching temperatures. A balance must be made, especially internally. Through homeostasis, animals can adjust temperature as needed.
7- Response: Responding to the environment
8- Reproduction: Reproducing to sustain the species
7. Explain how the idea of homeostasis relates to the five requirements you listed in item 6.
1- Food: Digestion can raise body temperature because digestion uses energy; therefore, homeostasis must be maintained while eating.
2- Hydration: Drinking water is very important for homeostasis. Drinking cool water can lower your temperature if it is too high, and also promotes more water for sweating, which can also cool you down.
3- Movement: Moving requires using energy, so homeostasis is required at all times. When you exercise, you get really hot because you are burning a lot of energy, so homeostasis enables you to sweat to cool down.
4- Sunlight: Sunlight is an outside way to warm up, and also provides some energy. Sunlight can activate homeostasis by promoting sweating when you get too hot.
5- Waste removal: Removing wastes from the body makes everything inside you stay healthy and work properly, which of course includes homeostasis.
6- Temperature: Temperature maintainment is homeostasis! :)
7- Response: Homeostasis is a response to the environment, letting our brains know whether to cool us down or heat us up
8- Reproduction: Reproductive cells in any animal obviously must remain a certain temperature to stay alive and enable the organism to reproduce successfully. Also, in female mammals, the embryo must have a stable temperature to remain living.
11. Describe how homeostatic mechanisms act by negative feedback.
Let's say you're outside in the snow wearing a t-shirt and blue jeans. You'd be cold, for sure! So, you're skin senses the cold temperature and sends a signal to your brain, which activates homeostasis. Homeostasis would then make you shiver, because the vibration produce energy, or heat, which warms you up. Now let's say you're outside in the snow with layers and layers of clothing. You wouldn't shiver as much because the heat produced by your body absorbs into the clothing and surrounds you. Therefore, you probably wouldn't shiver as much. Now let's pretend you're outside in the desert. You're body would "read" the temperature around you and make you sweat to cool off, and you would also feel thirsty for nice, cool water. So whatever your temperature inside and the temperature externally, your body will adjust to make your temperature stay regulated.
13. Distinguish between the axial and appendicular portions of the body.
Appendicular: Every part of your body except for your trunk, neck and head.
Axial: You head, neck, and trunk. (Not including arms.)
14. Distinguish between the dorsal and ventral body cavities, and name the smaller cavities within each one.
Dorsal Cavity (in the back): Contains the cranial cavity and the spinal cavity.
Ventral Cavity (in the front): Contains the Thoracic Cavity and the Abdominopelvic Cavity.
-Thoracic Cavity: Contains the Pleural Cavity and the Pericardial Cavity.
-Abdominopelvic Cavity: Contains the Abdominal Cavity and the Pelvic Cavity.
Part B: 1 and 3
1. Name the body cavity housing each of the following organs:
a. stomach (abdominal cavity)
b. heart (pericardial cavity)
c. brain (cranial cavity)
d. liver (abdominal cavity)
e. trachea (thoracic cavity)
f. rectum (pelvic cavity)
g. spinal cord (spinal cavity)
h. esophagus (thoracic cavity)
i. spleen (abdominal cavity)
j. urinary bladder (pelvic cavity)
3. Prepare a sketch of a human body, and use lines to indicate each other the following sections:
a. sagittal
b. transverse
c. coronal
Chapter 3: page 107 - 108
Critical Thinking Questions: 1
1. Which process--diffusion, osmosis, or filtration--accounts for the following situations?
a. Injection of a drug that is hypertonic to the tissues stimulates pain (diffusion)
b. A person with extremely low blood pressure stops producing urine (osmosis)
c. The connection of urea in the dialyzing fluid of an artificial kidney is kept low (filtration)
Review Exercises: 2, 3, 12, 13, and 14
2. Describe how the shapes of nerve, epithelial, and muscle cells are well suited to their functions. -Nerve cells are long and stringy, which supports the electrical impulses sent over them. They also have many, many 'branches' along them to enable fast and convenient travel for the impulses.
-Muscle cells are thick and able to stretch and contract, allowing for muscle movement.
-Epithelial cells can stretch and are flexible to allow for movement without snapping. They also have pores to enable sweat to be released.
3. Name the major components of a cell, and describe how they interact.
I suppose the major components would be the nucleus, the mitochondria, and the cell membrane.
Nucleus: The brain of the cell which 'commands' all organelles within the cell.
Mitochondria: The 'energy plant' of the cell. Stores energy and allows the cell to use the energy for basic functions.
Cell Membrane: Holds all organelles within the cell together and allows materials to leave and enter the cell.
How they interact: Well, the cell requires energy to funtion, it needs a 'brain' to guide it, and it needs a membrane to support all of the organelles.
12. Describe the structures and functions of each of the following:
a. endoplasmic reticulum - a long, winding 'road' that leads out of the cell. The 'highway' in the cell that transports nutrients, wastes, etc. Two types: Rough and Smooth.
b. ribosome - produces the protein code needed for mitosis (in a process called translation).
c. Golgi apparatus - a 'stack' of membrane that resembles a stack of pancakes. Sorts out different nutrients for the cell.
d. mitochondrion - the energy storage unit in the cell. Stores ATP for later use.
e. lysosome - an organelle that contains digestive enzymes. Digests worn out organelles, food particles, and viruses or bacteria which have been captured or have entered the cell.
f. peroxisome - organelles that aid in the digestion of fatty acids.
g. cilium - a hair-like structure found outside the cell which aids in the cell's movement.
h. flagellum - also a hair-like structure found outside the cells which aids in movement.
i. centrosome - A structure which builds spindle-fibers during mitosis/meiosis to aid in the two processes.
j. vesicle - Like a vacuole, this organelle stores and transports substances.
k. microfilament - The thinnest filaments found in the cytoplasm of the cell.
l. microtube - ? The smallest kind of 'road' in a cell used to transport substances?
13. Describe the structure of the nucleus and the functions of its contents.
Nucleus: the nucleus is the brain of the cell and tells each organelle what to do. Found within it is the nucleolus, who's main function is the making of ribosomes.
14. Distinguish between diffusion and facilitated diffusion.
Diffusion is when everything dissolves in a given substance, and facilitated diffusion is diffusion where only some particles can dissolve and pass through while others cannot.
Chapter 5: page 167
Review Exercises: 1, 2, and 12
1. Define tissue. A group of cells that perform the same function.
2. Name the four major types of tissue found in the human body. Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nerve.
12. Describe the general characteristics of connective tissue.
Connective tissue supports and protects, for example: along bones and muscles. It allows for things to connect (hence the name) throughout the body.
Monday, February 4, 2008
Organization of the Human Body Worksheet
1. Explain the difference between anatomy and physiology. Anatomy is the study of the structures of the human body and physiology is the study of the function of the body's parts.
2. Please organize the following structures in order from smallest to largest: system, tissue, organ, and cell. Cell, Tissue, Organ, System.
3. In the term physiology the suffix -logy means what? Study of.
4. What is the type of membrane that lines all of the passages leading the exterior? Mucous membrane.
5. What do you call a mass of cells that all perform the same function? Tissue.
6. What type of tissue is specialized for the conduction of nerve impulses? Nerve tissue.
7. The term epidermis contains a prefix and a root term. What is the root in this word and what
does it mean? Derm - skin.
What is the prefix in this word and what does it mean? Epi - upon.
8. The term cavity appears frequently in this lesson. What does it mean? A hollow space/area.
9. Name the four main types of tissue and describe their function.
Epithelial: Lies the outside of your body and some things on the inside. Purpose: protection/waterproofness (that's a new word)/ and temperature regulation.
Connective: Supports and protects bones, fat, and cartilage. (Internal.)
Muscle: For muscles. Purpose: contraction and flexibility.
Nerve: An internal tissue designed for recieving nerve impulses.
10. A cell is made of ----- except for the nucleus which is made of -----. (I really couldn't figure this one out. I'm sure the answer is simple, but I couldn't seem to find it out.)
11. What type of membrane lines joint cavities and outer surfaces of bones? Connective.
12. What is an organ system? Several organs working together in the body to do a specific task(s).
13. Name the five types of membranes and where each is located.
1. Cutaneous - the external layer of skin.
2. Mucous - lines all passages leading to the exterior of the body.
3. Serous - Lines bodily cavities and the organs in them.
4. Fibrous - Lines joint cavities and the outer surface of bones.
5. Fascia - Lines muscles, glands, blood vessels, and nerves.
14. What is the function of the cell membrane? The nucleus? The cell membrane surrounds and protects the cell, and also allows certain things to go in and out of the cell. The nucleus is the control unit of the cell. It tells the cell what to do and how to do it.
15. The cutaneous membrane is made of two distinct layers. Name each of these layers and describe what they are made of.
Epidermis - made of many layers of cells. Contains the sweat pores and hair folicles + hair.
Dermis - made of connectice tissue and microscopic organs (sweat glands, sebaceous glanes, etc)
2. Please organize the following structures in order from smallest to largest: system, tissue, organ, and cell. Cell, Tissue, Organ, System.
3. In the term physiology the suffix -logy means what? Study of.
4. What is the type of membrane that lines all of the passages leading the exterior? Mucous membrane.
5. What do you call a mass of cells that all perform the same function? Tissue.
6. What type of tissue is specialized for the conduction of nerve impulses? Nerve tissue.
7. The term epidermis contains a prefix and a root term. What is the root in this word and what
does it mean? Derm - skin.
What is the prefix in this word and what does it mean? Epi - upon.
8. The term cavity appears frequently in this lesson. What does it mean? A hollow space/area.
9. Name the four main types of tissue and describe their function.
Epithelial: Lies the outside of your body and some things on the inside. Purpose: protection/waterproofness (that's a new word)/ and temperature regulation.
Connective: Supports and protects bones, fat, and cartilage. (Internal.)
Muscle: For muscles. Purpose: contraction and flexibility.
Nerve: An internal tissue designed for recieving nerve impulses.
10. A cell is made of ----- except for the nucleus which is made of -----. (I really couldn't figure this one out. I'm sure the answer is simple, but I couldn't seem to find it out.)
11. What type of membrane lines joint cavities and outer surfaces of bones? Connective.
12. What is an organ system? Several organs working together in the body to do a specific task(s).
13. Name the five types of membranes and where each is located.
1. Cutaneous - the external layer of skin.
2. Mucous - lines all passages leading to the exterior of the body.
3. Serous - Lines bodily cavities and the organs in them.
4. Fibrous - Lines joint cavities and the outer surface of bones.
5. Fascia - Lines muscles, glands, blood vessels, and nerves.
14. What is the function of the cell membrane? The nucleus? The cell membrane surrounds and protects the cell, and also allows certain things to go in and out of the cell. The nucleus is the control unit of the cell. It tells the cell what to do and how to do it.
15. The cutaneous membrane is made of two distinct layers. Name each of these layers and describe what they are made of.
Epidermis - made of many layers of cells. Contains the sweat pores and hair folicles + hair.
Dermis - made of connectice tissue and microscopic organs (sweat glands, sebaceous glanes, etc)
Monday, January 28, 2008
Medical Terms Lecture
Common Prefixes
Ab – away from
Ad – towards
Endo – inside
Hydro – water
Micro – small
Neo – new
Peri – around
Omni – all
Trans – across
Hyper – above normal
Mal – bad
Anti – against
Poly – many
Myo – muscle
Common Roots
Nephro – kidney
Hepato – liver
Pulmo – lung
Cardio – heart
Cyto – cell
Rhino – nose
Naso – nose
Ped – foot
Digi – fingers, toes
Man – hand
Derm – skin
Costo – rib
Carp – wrist
Cervic – neck
Arthro – joint
Vena – vein
Gastro – stomach
Common Suffixes
Ase – enzyme
Oma – tumor
Genesis – beginning
Oid – like
It is – inflammation
Philia – love of
Phobia – fear of
Ab – away from
Ad – towards
Endo – inside
Hydro – water
Micro – small
Neo – new
Peri – around
Omni – all
Trans – across
Hyper – above normal
Mal – bad
Anti – against
Poly – many
Myo – muscle
Common Roots
Nephro – kidney
Hepato – liver
Pulmo – lung
Cardio – heart
Cyto – cell
Rhino – nose
Naso – nose
Ped – foot
Digi – fingers, toes
Man – hand
Derm – skin
Costo – rib
Carp – wrist
Cervic – neck
Arthro – joint
Vena – vein
Gastro – stomach
Common Suffixes
Ase – enzyme
Oma – tumor
Genesis – beginning
Oid – like
It is – inflammation
Philia – love of
Phobia – fear of
Cavities Lecture
Cavities
Two main cavities in the body: dorsal and ventral.
Dorsal cavity: on the back side.
-Cranial cavity: your skull
-Spinal cavity: along the back and contains the spinal cord
Ventral Cavity: on the front side
-Thoracic cavity: in the thorax or chest
-Pleural cavity: area that contains the lungs
-Pericardial cavity: area that contains the heart
-Abdominopelvic cavity: around the abdomen and pelvis
-Abdominal cavity: contains the majority of the vicera (stomach, intestines, etc.)
-Pelvic cavity: contains the internal reproductive organs, bladder, and rectum
Two main cavities in the body: dorsal and ventral.
Dorsal cavity: on the back side.
-Cranial cavity: your skull
-Spinal cavity: along the back and contains the spinal cord
Ventral Cavity: on the front side
-Thoracic cavity: in the thorax or chest
-Pleural cavity: area that contains the lungs
-Pericardial cavity: area that contains the heart
-Abdominopelvic cavity: around the abdomen and pelvis
-Abdominal cavity: contains the majority of the vicera (stomach, intestines, etc.)
-Pelvic cavity: contains the internal reproductive organs, bladder, and rectum
Drills on Diction Worksheet
Root/Meaning: Adip/Fat
Term: Adipose
Definition: Fat stored in the fatty tissue of animals.
Sentence: Whales have lots of adipose to keep them warm.
Root/Meaning: Bio/Life
Term: Biopsy
Definition: Removing a sample of tissue from an organism for diagnostic evaluation.
Sentence: The doctors performed a biopsy on Anna to see if her stomach tissue was infected.
Root/Meaning: Capit/Head
Term: Decapitate
Definition: To cut off someone’s head.
Sentence: "Off with her head!" screamed the Queen of Hearts. Alice was quite terrified at the thought of being decapitated.
Root/Meaning: Cephal/Head
Term: Cephalad
Definition: Toward the head or anterior.
Sentence: On a human body, the chest could be referred to as cephalad.
Root/Meaning: Corp/Body
Term: Corpus
Definition: A part of the body with a specific function.
Sentence: Many parts of the body are called corpus, such as your heart or liver.
Root/Meaning: Crani/Skull
Term: Cranium
Definition: The part of the skull that encases the brain.
Sentence: To crack your cranium would be a very painful experience.
Root/Meaning: Dent/Tooth
Term: Dental
Definition: Of or pertaining to the teeth.
Sentence: I was having some pain in my teeth, so I went in to get some dental work done.
Root/Meaning: Hist/Tissue
Term: Histology
Definition: A branch of biology that studies tissue.
Sentence: If you have a question about bodily tissues, would you ask a biologist or a histologist?
Root/Meaning: Later/Side
Term: Lateral
Definition: to the side
Sentence: Lateral to Missy was a small blue cat.
Root/Meaning: Ocul/Eye
Term: Oculist
Definition: A doctor who treats eyes/diseases of the eye.
Sentence: Sammie had a strange eye infection, so she went to an oculist to find out what the problem was.
Root/Meaning: Oste/Bone
Term: Osteoblast
Definition: A cell growing inside a fetus that will eventually turn to bone.
Sentence: Since it was still very early in her pregnancy, Lucy’s unborn baby had not yet formed
bone from his osteoblasts.
Root/Meaning: Phag/Eat
Term: Phagocyte
Definition: A type of white blood cell which ingests any type of foreign object in the body.
Sentence: Microscopic fragments of rust were left in Bobby’s arm from his cut, so his body produced many phagocytes to ‘consume’ the rust particles.
Root/Meaning: Pleur/Side
Term: Pleura
Definition: A certain tissue found in the lungs.
Sentence: There are many different kinds of epithelial tissues in the lungs, one of which is a delicate tissue called pleura.
Root/Meaning: Quad/Four
Term: Quadriceps
Definition: The large muscle located in front of your thigh.
Sentence: It’s really painful to pull your quadriceps because it makes if difficult to walk for a few days.
Root/Meaning: Stern/Chest
Term: Sternum
Definition: In vertebrates, the breastbone.
Sentence: When performing CPR, you must be careful not to snap off the xiphoid process, which is located just under the sternum.
Root/Meaning: Ab/Away from
Term: Abduct
Definition: To take away.
Sentence: It is really sad when children are abducted from plain sight, but there is always a chance to rescue them.
Prefix/Meaning: Ad/Toward
Term: Adrenal
Definition: A hormone produced by the adrenal gland that enables higher senses, increased strength and stamina.
Sentence: When you’re scared, your body produces adrenaline from the adrenal gland, which enables you to protect yourself and escape danger quickly.
Prefix/Meaning: Angi/Vessel
Term: Angiosperm
Definition: A flowering plant.
Sentence: Roses, daffodils, and sunflowers are all types of angiosperms.
Prefix/Meaning: Auto/Self
Term: Autograft
Definition: Removing tissue from a part of the body to replace damaged or missing tissue from another part of the body.
Sentence: Jordan’s leg had been severely burnt, so the doctors performed an autograft in order to restore his skin tissue.
Prefix/Meaning: Centi/Hundred
Term: Centimeter
Definition: 1/100 of a meter.
Sentence: A penny is about 5 centimeters wide.
Prefix/Meaning: Circum/Around
Term: Circumflex
Definition: Curving around.
Sentence: There are many blood vessels in your body that are circumflexed.
Prefix/Meaning: Dextro/Right
Term: Dextrad
Definition: Toward the right side.
Sentence: The building was dextrad to me. (?)
Prefix/Meaning: Epi/Upon
Term: Epigastric
Definition: The anterior walls of the abdomen.
Sentence: It would really hurt to be kicked in the epigastric area of your abdomen… but it would hurt to be kicked anywhere.
Prefix/Meaning: Ex/Out of
Term: Excision
Definition: To remove.
Sentence: The doctors worked hard to excise the bullets from the man’s leg.
Prefix/Meaning: Inter/Between
Term: Internal
Definition: Inside
Sentence: Internal bleeding is life-threatening.
Prefix/Meaning: Non/Not
Term: Nonviable
Definition: Incapable of life or growth.
Sentence: A good example of something nonviable would be a rock.
Prefix/Meaning: Ortho/Straight
Term: Orthopedics
Definition: Medical specialty concerning prevention and correction of skeletal system abnormalities or injuries.
Sentence: My mom’s feet have bone spurs, so she must use orthopedic shoes until she can get surgery.
Prefix/Meaning: Path/Disease
Term: Pathology
Definition: The study of diseases.
Sentence: It must be a risky job to be a pathology scientist.
Prefix/Meaning: Pseudo/False
Term: Pseudopod
Definition: A temporary growth spurt used by some microorganisms that enables locomotion.
Sentence: A pseudopod is the reason that when looking at microscopic organisms, they seem to "shoot" along.
Prefix/Meaning: Sinistro/Left
Term: Sinistrad
Definition: Toward the left side.
Sentence: Sinistrad to Joey’s body laid a broken mirror. He was sure to have bad luck now.
Prefix/Meaning: Cide/Kill
Term: Pesticide
Definition: a drug that kills pests to save crops
Sentence: Pesticides may kill the pests in your crop, but it could poison you or you animals.
Prefix/Meaning: Itis/Inflame
Term: Hepatitis
Definition: Inflammation of the liver.
Sentence: Ben’s father has hepatitis, but luckily, Ben never got it.
Prefix/Meaning: Logy/Study of
Term: Histology
Definition: The study of bodily tissues.
Sentence: In histology, there are many, many types of tissues to understand.
Prefix/Meaning: Meter/Measure
Term: Thermometer
Definition: A device that measures temperature.
Sentence: Billy thought he had a fever, so he used a thermometer to find out for sure.
Prefix/Meaning: Plasty/Formed
Term: Osteoplasty
Definition: Plastic surgery on a bone to restore it from injury or defect.
Sentence: Gary didn’t like his cheekbones being so high, so he got osteoplasty to fix them.
Prefix/Meaning: Scope/Examine
Term: Microscope
Definition: A tool used to see organisms or particles that are microscopic.
Sentence: Amanda used a microscope to determine if a blood sample contained any diseases.
Term: Adipose
Definition: Fat stored in the fatty tissue of animals.
Sentence: Whales have lots of adipose to keep them warm.
Root/Meaning: Bio/Life
Term: Biopsy
Definition: Removing a sample of tissue from an organism for diagnostic evaluation.
Sentence: The doctors performed a biopsy on Anna to see if her stomach tissue was infected.
Root/Meaning: Capit/Head
Term: Decapitate
Definition: To cut off someone’s head.
Sentence: "Off with her head!" screamed the Queen of Hearts. Alice was quite terrified at the thought of being decapitated.
Root/Meaning: Cephal/Head
Term: Cephalad
Definition: Toward the head or anterior.
Sentence: On a human body, the chest could be referred to as cephalad.
Root/Meaning: Corp/Body
Term: Corpus
Definition: A part of the body with a specific function.
Sentence: Many parts of the body are called corpus, such as your heart or liver.
Root/Meaning: Crani/Skull
Term: Cranium
Definition: The part of the skull that encases the brain.
Sentence: To crack your cranium would be a very painful experience.
Root/Meaning: Dent/Tooth
Term: Dental
Definition: Of or pertaining to the teeth.
Sentence: I was having some pain in my teeth, so I went in to get some dental work done.
Root/Meaning: Hist/Tissue
Term: Histology
Definition: A branch of biology that studies tissue.
Sentence: If you have a question about bodily tissues, would you ask a biologist or a histologist?
Root/Meaning: Later/Side
Term: Lateral
Definition: to the side
Sentence: Lateral to Missy was a small blue cat.
Root/Meaning: Ocul/Eye
Term: Oculist
Definition: A doctor who treats eyes/diseases of the eye.
Sentence: Sammie had a strange eye infection, so she went to an oculist to find out what the problem was.
Root/Meaning: Oste/Bone
Term: Osteoblast
Definition: A cell growing inside a fetus that will eventually turn to bone.
Sentence: Since it was still very early in her pregnancy, Lucy’s unborn baby had not yet formed
bone from his osteoblasts.
Root/Meaning: Phag/Eat
Term: Phagocyte
Definition: A type of white blood cell which ingests any type of foreign object in the body.
Sentence: Microscopic fragments of rust were left in Bobby’s arm from his cut, so his body produced many phagocytes to ‘consume’ the rust particles.
Root/Meaning: Pleur/Side
Term: Pleura
Definition: A certain tissue found in the lungs.
Sentence: There are many different kinds of epithelial tissues in the lungs, one of which is a delicate tissue called pleura.
Root/Meaning: Quad/Four
Term: Quadriceps
Definition: The large muscle located in front of your thigh.
Sentence: It’s really painful to pull your quadriceps because it makes if difficult to walk for a few days.
Root/Meaning: Stern/Chest
Term: Sternum
Definition: In vertebrates, the breastbone.
Sentence: When performing CPR, you must be careful not to snap off the xiphoid process, which is located just under the sternum.
Root/Meaning: Ab/Away from
Term: Abduct
Definition: To take away.
Sentence: It is really sad when children are abducted from plain sight, but there is always a chance to rescue them.
Prefix/Meaning: Ad/Toward
Term: Adrenal
Definition: A hormone produced by the adrenal gland that enables higher senses, increased strength and stamina.
Sentence: When you’re scared, your body produces adrenaline from the adrenal gland, which enables you to protect yourself and escape danger quickly.
Prefix/Meaning: Angi/Vessel
Term: Angiosperm
Definition: A flowering plant.
Sentence: Roses, daffodils, and sunflowers are all types of angiosperms.
Prefix/Meaning: Auto/Self
Term: Autograft
Definition: Removing tissue from a part of the body to replace damaged or missing tissue from another part of the body.
Sentence: Jordan’s leg had been severely burnt, so the doctors performed an autograft in order to restore his skin tissue.
Prefix/Meaning: Centi/Hundred
Term: Centimeter
Definition: 1/100 of a meter.
Sentence: A penny is about 5 centimeters wide.
Prefix/Meaning: Circum/Around
Term: Circumflex
Definition: Curving around.
Sentence: There are many blood vessels in your body that are circumflexed.
Prefix/Meaning: Dextro/Right
Term: Dextrad
Definition: Toward the right side.
Sentence: The building was dextrad to me. (?)
Prefix/Meaning: Epi/Upon
Term: Epigastric
Definition: The anterior walls of the abdomen.
Sentence: It would really hurt to be kicked in the epigastric area of your abdomen… but it would hurt to be kicked anywhere.
Prefix/Meaning: Ex/Out of
Term: Excision
Definition: To remove.
Sentence: The doctors worked hard to excise the bullets from the man’s leg.
Prefix/Meaning: Inter/Between
Term: Internal
Definition: Inside
Sentence: Internal bleeding is life-threatening.
Prefix/Meaning: Non/Not
Term: Nonviable
Definition: Incapable of life or growth.
Sentence: A good example of something nonviable would be a rock.
Prefix/Meaning: Ortho/Straight
Term: Orthopedics
Definition: Medical specialty concerning prevention and correction of skeletal system abnormalities or injuries.
Sentence: My mom’s feet have bone spurs, so she must use orthopedic shoes until she can get surgery.
Prefix/Meaning: Path/Disease
Term: Pathology
Definition: The study of diseases.
Sentence: It must be a risky job to be a pathology scientist.
Prefix/Meaning: Pseudo/False
Term: Pseudopod
Definition: A temporary growth spurt used by some microorganisms that enables locomotion.
Sentence: A pseudopod is the reason that when looking at microscopic organisms, they seem to "shoot" along.
Prefix/Meaning: Sinistro/Left
Term: Sinistrad
Definition: Toward the left side.
Sentence: Sinistrad to Joey’s body laid a broken mirror. He was sure to have bad luck now.
Prefix/Meaning: Cide/Kill
Term: Pesticide
Definition: a drug that kills pests to save crops
Sentence: Pesticides may kill the pests in your crop, but it could poison you or you animals.
Prefix/Meaning: Itis/Inflame
Term: Hepatitis
Definition: Inflammation of the liver.
Sentence: Ben’s father has hepatitis, but luckily, Ben never got it.
Prefix/Meaning: Logy/Study of
Term: Histology
Definition: The study of bodily tissues.
Sentence: In histology, there are many, many types of tissues to understand.
Prefix/Meaning: Meter/Measure
Term: Thermometer
Definition: A device that measures temperature.
Sentence: Billy thought he had a fever, so he used a thermometer to find out for sure.
Prefix/Meaning: Plasty/Formed
Term: Osteoplasty
Definition: Plastic surgery on a bone to restore it from injury or defect.
Sentence: Gary didn’t like his cheekbones being so high, so he got osteoplasty to fix them.
Prefix/Meaning: Scope/Examine
Term: Microscope
Definition: A tool used to see organisms or particles that are microscopic.
Sentence: Amanda used a microscope to determine if a blood sample contained any diseases.
Thursday, January 24, 2008
Action Figure Labeling Activity
The font came out really small, but basically number 9 is the transverse plane and number 10 is the sagittal plane. :) If you click on the picture it'll get bigger.
1. A point that is superior to the abdomen
2. A point that is inferior to the knee
3. A point that is lateral to the belly button
4. A point that is distal from the elbow
5. The ventral side of the body
6. The anterior side of the body
7. The dorsal side of the body
8. The posterior side of the body
9. The transverse plane
10. The sagittal plane
1. A point that is superior to the abdomen
2. A point that is inferior to the knee
3. A point that is lateral to the belly button
4. A point that is distal from the elbow
5. The ventral side of the body
6. The anterior side of the body
7. The dorsal side of the body
8. The posterior side of the body
9. The transverse plane
10. The sagittal plane
Wednesday, January 23, 2008
Introduction to Anatomy - Terms
1. Frontal plane – (Coronal) a division that separates the body into anterior and posterior portions (front and back).
2. Sagittal plane – (median) a lengthwise cut that divides the body into right and left portions.
3. Transverse plane – (horizontal) a cut that divides the body into superior and inferior portions. (top and bottom)
4. Medial – an imaginary line dividing a body into equal left and right portions.
5. Superficial – situated near the surface of the body.
6. Superior – something is above something else, or closer to the head.
7. Inferior – something is below something else, or closer to the feet.
8. Anterior – (ventral) means toward the front.
9. Posterior – (dorsal) means toward the back.
10. Distal – Something is further from the trunk of the body or another specified point than something else.
11. Proximal – something that is closer to the trunk of the body or closer to another specified point than something else.
12. Flexion – Bending parts at a joint so that the angle between them decreases in size. (bending arm at the elbow)
13. Extension – Straightening parts at a joint so that the angle between them expands.
14. Pronation – Turning the hand so the palm is facing down or posteriorly
15. Supine – When the palm is facing upward or anteriorly
16. Abduction – Moving a part away from the midline
17. Adduction – Moving a part toward the midline
18. Circumduction – Moving a part so its end follows a circular path
19. Inversion – Turning the foot so the sole faces medially
20. Eversion - Turning the foot so the sole faces laterally
21. Elevation - Lifting
22. Depression - Lowering
23. Anatomical position – Standing straight up with your arms slightly out and your palms facing away from you
24. Dorsal – pertaining to the back (dorsum)
25. Ventral – pertaining to the abdominal region
26. Interior - inside
27. Exterior - outside
28. Peripheral – near the surface
29. Lateral - external
2. Sagittal plane – (median) a lengthwise cut that divides the body into right and left portions.
3. Transverse plane – (horizontal) a cut that divides the body into superior and inferior portions. (top and bottom)
4. Medial – an imaginary line dividing a body into equal left and right portions.
5. Superficial – situated near the surface of the body.
6. Superior – something is above something else, or closer to the head.
7. Inferior – something is below something else, or closer to the feet.
8. Anterior – (ventral) means toward the front.
9. Posterior – (dorsal) means toward the back.
10. Distal – Something is further from the trunk of the body or another specified point than something else.
11. Proximal – something that is closer to the trunk of the body or closer to another specified point than something else.
12. Flexion – Bending parts at a joint so that the angle between them decreases in size. (bending arm at the elbow)
13. Extension – Straightening parts at a joint so that the angle between them expands.
14. Pronation – Turning the hand so the palm is facing down or posteriorly
15. Supine – When the palm is facing upward or anteriorly
16. Abduction – Moving a part away from the midline
17. Adduction – Moving a part toward the midline
18. Circumduction – Moving a part so its end follows a circular path
19. Inversion – Turning the foot so the sole faces medially
20. Eversion - Turning the foot so the sole faces laterally
21. Elevation - Lifting
22. Depression - Lowering
23. Anatomical position – Standing straight up with your arms slightly out and your palms facing away from you
24. Dorsal – pertaining to the back (dorsum)
25. Ventral – pertaining to the abdominal region
26. Interior - inside
27. Exterior - outside
28. Peripheral – near the surface
29. Lateral - external
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