-Critical Thinking Questions: 2 and 4
-Review Exercises:Part A: 2, 4, 6, 7, 11, 13, and 14
-Part B: 1 and 3
Chapter 3: page 107 - 108
-Critical Thinking Questions: 1
-Review Exercises: 2, 3, 12, 13, and 14
Chapter 5: page 167
-Review Exercises: 1, 2, and 12
Chapter 1: Page 29
CT: 2 and 4
2. In health, body parts interact to maintain homeostasis. Illness may threaten homeostasis, requiring treatments. What treatments might be used to help control a patient's (a) body temperature, (b) blood oxygen concentration, and (c) water content?
(a) Heat or cold applied, something warm or cold consumed. (Depends on if the person is too cold or too hot.)
(b) If a person is hyperventilating, they could breathe into a paper bag to lower oxygen intake.
(c) Dialysis to lower water amount in the blood/IV with a water drip
4. If a patient complained of a stomachache and pointed to the umbilical region as the site of discomfort, which organs located in this region might be the source of the pain? It could be their small/large intestine.
Review Exercises:Part A: 2, 4, 6, 7, 11, 13, and 14
2. Distinguish between anatomy and physiology. Anatomy is the study of the body's parts, while physiology is the study of the functions of the body's parts.
4. List and describe 10 characteristics of life.
1- Growth: Ability to grow physically
2- Learning: Gaining new knowledge every day
3- Energy: Ability to use energy
4- Cells: Made up of cells
5- Sensitivity: Physically and emotionally in touch with surroundings
6- Adaptation: Adapting to the environment
7- Health: Maintaining physical and mental well-being
8- Nutrition: Maintaining a diet to make more energy
9- Hydration: A need to drink water to stay hydrated
10- Reproduction: Reproducing to sustain the species
6. List and describe 5 requirements of organisms.
1- Food: all organisms must consume food to produce energy and sustain locomotion
2-Hydration: water is the key to all organisms, to keep them hydrated, keep insides "oiled", digest food, and aid with homeostasis.
3-Movement (Use Energy): movement is very important for most organisms to obtain food, escape danger, and burn energy (which then makes the organism require more energy, or food)
4-Sunlight: Light is important to almost all organisms. For plants, it is required for photosynthesis. For most other animals it enables them to see, and for some animals it enables vitamin D to be produced. (For humans, it keeps us happy too.) Also, the sun is our source of warmth, which is very important for life.
5-Waste removal: This is extremely important to remove bodily wastes produced from normal bodily functions, to remove foreign materials from the body, and to remove toxins.
6- Temperature: For anything to live, a certain temperature must be maintained. Most organisms cannot survive in freezing or scorching temperatures. A balance must be made, especially internally. Through homeostasis, animals can adjust temperature as needed.
7- Response: Responding to the environment
8- Reproduction: Reproducing to sustain the species
7. Explain how the idea of homeostasis relates to the five requirements you listed in item 6.
1- Food: Digestion can raise body temperature because digestion uses energy; therefore, homeostasis must be maintained while eating.
2- Hydration: Drinking water is very important for homeostasis. Drinking cool water can lower your temperature if it is too high, and also promotes more water for sweating, which can also cool you down.
3- Movement: Moving requires using energy, so homeostasis is required at all times. When you exercise, you get really hot because you are burning a lot of energy, so homeostasis enables you to sweat to cool down.
4- Sunlight: Sunlight is an outside way to warm up, and also provides some energy. Sunlight can activate homeostasis by promoting sweating when you get too hot.
5- Waste removal: Removing wastes from the body makes everything inside you stay healthy and work properly, which of course includes homeostasis.
6- Temperature: Temperature maintainment is homeostasis! :)
7- Response: Homeostasis is a response to the environment, letting our brains know whether to cool us down or heat us up
8- Reproduction: Reproductive cells in any animal obviously must remain a certain temperature to stay alive and enable the organism to reproduce successfully. Also, in female mammals, the embryo must have a stable temperature to remain living.
11. Describe how homeostatic mechanisms act by negative feedback.
Let's say you're outside in the snow wearing a t-shirt and blue jeans. You'd be cold, for sure! So, you're skin senses the cold temperature and sends a signal to your brain, which activates homeostasis. Homeostasis would then make you shiver, because the vibration produce energy, or heat, which warms you up. Now let's say you're outside in the snow with layers and layers of clothing. You wouldn't shiver as much because the heat produced by your body absorbs into the clothing and surrounds you. Therefore, you probably wouldn't shiver as much. Now let's pretend you're outside in the desert. You're body would "read" the temperature around you and make you sweat to cool off, and you would also feel thirsty for nice, cool water. So whatever your temperature inside and the temperature externally, your body will adjust to make your temperature stay regulated.
13. Distinguish between the axial and appendicular portions of the body.
Appendicular: Every part of your body except for your trunk, neck and head.
Axial: You head, neck, and trunk. (Not including arms.)
14. Distinguish between the dorsal and ventral body cavities, and name the smaller cavities within each one.
Dorsal Cavity (in the back): Contains the cranial cavity and the spinal cavity.
Ventral Cavity (in the front): Contains the Thoracic Cavity and the Abdominopelvic Cavity.
-Thoracic Cavity: Contains the Pleural Cavity and the Pericardial Cavity.
-Abdominopelvic Cavity: Contains the Abdominal Cavity and the Pelvic Cavity.
Part B: 1 and 3
1. Name the body cavity housing each of the following organs:
a. stomach (abdominal cavity)
b. heart (pericardial cavity)
c. brain (cranial cavity)
d. liver (abdominal cavity)
e. trachea (thoracic cavity)
f. rectum (pelvic cavity)
g. spinal cord (spinal cavity)
h. esophagus (thoracic cavity)
i. spleen (abdominal cavity)
j. urinary bladder (pelvic cavity)
3. Prepare a sketch of a human body, and use lines to indicate each other the following sections:
a. sagittal
b. transverse
c. coronal
Chapter 3: page 107 - 108
Critical Thinking Questions: 1
1. Which process--diffusion, osmosis, or filtration--accounts for the following situations?
a. Injection of a drug that is hypertonic to the tissues stimulates pain (diffusion)
b. A person with extremely low blood pressure stops producing urine (osmosis)
c. The connection of urea in the dialyzing fluid of an artificial kidney is kept low (filtration)
Review Exercises: 2, 3, 12, 13, and 14
2. Describe how the shapes of nerve, epithelial, and muscle cells are well suited to their functions. -Nerve cells are long and stringy, which supports the electrical impulses sent over them. They also have many, many 'branches' along them to enable fast and convenient travel for the impulses.
-Muscle cells are thick and able to stretch and contract, allowing for muscle movement.
-Epithelial cells can stretch and are flexible to allow for movement without snapping. They also have pores to enable sweat to be released.
3. Name the major components of a cell, and describe how they interact.
I suppose the major components would be the nucleus, the mitochondria, and the cell membrane.
Nucleus: The brain of the cell which 'commands' all organelles within the cell.
Mitochondria: The 'energy plant' of the cell. Stores energy and allows the cell to use the energy for basic functions.
Cell Membrane: Holds all organelles within the cell together and allows materials to leave and enter the cell.
How they interact: Well, the cell requires energy to funtion, it needs a 'brain' to guide it, and it needs a membrane to support all of the organelles.
12. Describe the structures and functions of each of the following:
a. endoplasmic reticulum - a long, winding 'road' that leads out of the cell. The 'highway' in the cell that transports nutrients, wastes, etc. Two types: Rough and Smooth.
b. ribosome - produces the protein code needed for mitosis (in a process called translation).
c. Golgi apparatus - a 'stack' of membrane that resembles a stack of pancakes. Sorts out different nutrients for the cell.
d. mitochondrion - the energy storage unit in the cell. Stores ATP for later use.
e. lysosome - an organelle that contains digestive enzymes. Digests worn out organelles, food particles, and viruses or bacteria which have been captured or have entered the cell.
f. peroxisome - organelles that aid in the digestion of fatty acids.
g. cilium - a hair-like structure found outside the cell which aids in the cell's movement.
h. flagellum - also a hair-like structure found outside the cells which aids in movement.
i. centrosome - A structure which builds spindle-fibers during mitosis/meiosis to aid in the two processes.
j. vesicle - Like a vacuole, this organelle stores and transports substances.
k. microfilament - The thinnest filaments found in the cytoplasm of the cell.
l. microtube - ? The smallest kind of 'road' in a cell used to transport substances?
13. Describe the structure of the nucleus and the functions of its contents.
Nucleus: the nucleus is the brain of the cell and tells each organelle what to do. Found within it is the nucleolus, who's main function is the making of ribosomes.
14. Distinguish between diffusion and facilitated diffusion.
Diffusion is when everything dissolves in a given substance, and facilitated diffusion is diffusion where only some particles can dissolve and pass through while others cannot.
Chapter 5: page 167
Review Exercises: 1, 2, and 12
1. Define tissue. A group of cells that perform the same function.
2. Name the four major types of tissue found in the human body. Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nerve.
12. Describe the general characteristics of connective tissue.
Connective tissue supports and protects, for example: along bones and muscles. It allows for things to connect (hence the name) throughout the body.
1 comment:
Wonderful!!
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