1. Name the molecule that carries our genes. DNA.
2. Genes are located in the DNA.
3. What is the number of sperm the average man produces in a second? One thousand.
4. How can one person produce so many different combinations of genes? Through meiosis.
5. Most human cells have a total number of 46 chromosomes.
6. The gene shuffling that occurs from mitosis results in a great amount of this? Diversity!
7. Where in the female reproductive tract does the egg wait for fertilization? In the fallopian tube.
8. How does the egg move through the Fallopian tube? Muscular contractions of the tube and tiny hairlike structures called cilia.
9. Approximately how many sperm are contained within one teaspoon of seminal liquid? 300 million.
10. What are some of the challenges that sperm face once entering into the vagina? The acidity of the vagina, getting through the cervix, breaking through the shell surrounding the egg.
11. Describe the milestone event that takes place two weeks after conception? Gastrolation, when the blastocyst begins to turn into an embryo.
12. Describe the size and physical characteristics of the fetus at 4 and 1/2 weeks following conception. It is a 5th of an inch long, and resembles a dinosaur... The backbone is visible and very primitive looking, and the heart is present and beating. Also, groups of cells begin to bulge out to form legs and arms. The brain is also present and eyes are forming.
13. If the DNA in a single cell were stretched out, how long would it be? 6 feet.
14. After about how many weeks can doctors determine the sex of the baby from ultrasound? 18 weeks.
15. Aside from the ultrasound, how can a doctor determine the sex of a baby? By examining the chromosomes.
16. At what point does the embryo become a fetus? At about month 3.
17.When does the placenta begin to form? In the early weeks of pregnancy.
18. What is the fetus’s job in the last trimester? To grow!
19. Why are human births so much more dangerous than other mammals? Because our pelvis is narrower, to allow us to walk upright, so the baby has to go contort a certain way to get out, and may not always be able to fit out.
Tuesday, May 13, 2008
Monday, May 12, 2008
Thursday, May 8, 2008
Reproductive System Vocabulary
1. Corpus luteum - what an ovarian follicle develops into during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle.
2. Epididymis - The tube located along the testes where sperm mature.
3. Gonad - in males, the testes. In females, the ovaries.
4. Meiosis - when a destined-to-be sex cell with 46 chromosomes going through a process that results in four sex cells with 23 chromosomes each.
5. Oocyte - a developing female sex cell.
6. Ovary - the female gonads.
7. Placenta - Where fetal blood exchanges materials with maternal blood.
8. Scrotum - the skin sac that holds the testes.
9. Seminiferous tubule - the tubes inside the testes that create sperm.
10. Testis - the male gonads.
11. Vulva - The external vagina.
12. Blastocyst - The stage of a baby's development between being a zygote and an embryo.
13. Embryo - A developing baby. (Weeks 2-8 is the embryonic stage.)
14. Fetus - A developing baby. (Months 3-9 is the fetal stage.)
15. Implantation - When the egg is fertilized, it becomes a zygote and is implanted in the endometrium.
16. Lactation - When a new mother's breasts produce milk for her baby.
17. Umbilical cord - The cord that transports blood to and from the placenta.
18. Yolk sac - The first site of red blood cells in the uterus.
19. Zygote - A fertilized egg.
20. Ultrasound - The process used to see into a pregnant woman's womb. Non-invasive.
2. Epididymis - The tube located along the testes where sperm mature.
3. Gonad - in males, the testes. In females, the ovaries.
4. Meiosis - when a destined-to-be sex cell with 46 chromosomes going through a process that results in four sex cells with 23 chromosomes each.
5. Oocyte - a developing female sex cell.
6. Ovary - the female gonads.
7. Placenta - Where fetal blood exchanges materials with maternal blood.
8. Scrotum - the skin sac that holds the testes.
9. Seminiferous tubule - the tubes inside the testes that create sperm.
10. Testis - the male gonads.
11. Vulva - The external vagina.
12. Blastocyst - The stage of a baby's development between being a zygote and an embryo.
13. Embryo - A developing baby. (Weeks 2-8 is the embryonic stage.)
14. Fetus - A developing baby. (Months 3-9 is the fetal stage.)
15. Implantation - When the egg is fertilized, it becomes a zygote and is implanted in the endometrium.
16. Lactation - When a new mother's breasts produce milk for her baby.
17. Umbilical cord - The cord that transports blood to and from the placenta.
18. Yolk sac - The first site of red blood cells in the uterus.
19. Zygote - A fertilized egg.
20. Ultrasound - The process used to see into a pregnant woman's womb. Non-invasive.
Tuesday, May 6, 2008
Digestive and Urinary Questions in Text
Pages 735 and 736:
Critical Thinking Questions: 3
3. What effect is a before-dinner alcoholic cocktail likely to have on digestion? Well, first of all it could deteriorate the lining of the digestive tract and possibly make your stomach a bit upset during digestion. It could also effect the liver in terms of producing bile, so the food might take a while longer to digest than normally. Why are such beverages inadvisable for persons with ulcers? Because the lining of the digestive tract at the site of the ulcer is already deteriorated, so further deterioration due to alcohol consumption could lead to more ulcers and quite possibly a hole in the digestive tract.
Review Exercises: 1, 2, 5, 7, 12, and 25
1. List and describe the locations of the major parts of the alimentary canal. First you have your mouth, where you chew up the food. Then you have the pharynx, which is basically the back of your throat. Then the food travels down the esophagus and into the stomach, where bile is added to start the breakup of the food particles. Then the food travels into the small intestine, where more bile is added and the breakup continues. Most nutritional absorbtion happens in the small intestine. The food travels into the colon, or large intestine, and is then turned into a solid waste which is stored in your rectum until the time comes to rid your body of it.
2. List and describe the locations of the accessory organs of the digestive system. First is the teeth, which are in the mouth and help chew food. Next are the salivary glands, which begin the breakup of food in the mouth. Then you have the galbladder and the pancreas, which are both located between the liver and the stomach. The gallbladder stores and secretes bile from the liver and the pancreas secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum of the small intestine.
5. Define peristalsis. The squeezy, circular motion around a tube that allows food to be pushed down, as it is in the digestive tract.
7. Describe the general effects of parasympathetic and sympathetic impulses on the alimentary canal. The parasympathetic nervous system allows for increased digestive activity and relaxes sphincters. The sympathetic nervous system somewhat tightens the digestive tract and doesn't allow digestion to be as easy as normal.
12. Describe the structure of a tooth. The white part of your tooth is called the enamel, or the crown. Underneath that is the dentine, and then the pulp which contains all the blood vessels and nerves. At the root of your tooth (everything under the gum), the root canal goes deep into the bone of your jaw.
25. Explain the mechanism of vomiting. Basically, if you eat something that "doesn't sit well with your stomach" your stomach will be able to sense that it must get rid of the waste before it travels into your small intestine. The cardiac sphincter, which separates the esophagus and the stomach, will open, and all stomach contents will be pushed upwards so that you can throw it up.
Pages 855:
Review Exercises: 1, 3, 9, 16, 34, 36, 37, 40:
1. Name the organs of the urinary system. The kidneys, the ureter, the bladder, and the urethra.
3. List the functions of the kidneys. First, they filter the liquid that enters them and takes out all the nutrients, which is absorbed into the blood stream, leaving behind urine to be excreted. They also filter the blood and keep it clean!
9. Distinguish among filtration, reabsorbtion, and secretion as they relate to the urinary system.
Filtration - the filtering of the blood through the kidneys.
Reabsorbtion - the kidneys reabsorb certain essential nutrients for the body.
Secretion - Anything that was not reabsorbed into the blood stream is discarded in the form of urine.
16. Define autoregulation. The natural ability of an organ to maintain a constant blood flow despite changes in pressure.
34. Describe the structure and function of a ureter. Ureters are small tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder to be excreted.
36. Discuss what happens if a ureter becomes obstructed. Well, first the urine would not be able to go anywhere, so it would block up the kidneys and injure them. Also, you might not be able to urinate correctly, or the urine might be bloody or cloudly. Also, it would definitely cause severe pain.
37. Describe the structure and location of the urinary bladder. The location of the bladder is situated right above the urethra, so if you were to point, it would be near your lower abdomen. Basically, the bladder is not a little colorful balloon that fills with urine. It is actually a reddish sac that can stretch pretty far to hold urine.
40. Compare the urethra of a female with that of a male. The female urethra is a lot shorter compared to the male's. A male's urethra is also used to carry semen.
Critical Thinking Questions: 3
3. What effect is a before-dinner alcoholic cocktail likely to have on digestion? Well, first of all it could deteriorate the lining of the digestive tract and possibly make your stomach a bit upset during digestion. It could also effect the liver in terms of producing bile, so the food might take a while longer to digest than normally. Why are such beverages inadvisable for persons with ulcers? Because the lining of the digestive tract at the site of the ulcer is already deteriorated, so further deterioration due to alcohol consumption could lead to more ulcers and quite possibly a hole in the digestive tract.
Review Exercises: 1, 2, 5, 7, 12, and 25
1. List and describe the locations of the major parts of the alimentary canal. First you have your mouth, where you chew up the food. Then you have the pharynx, which is basically the back of your throat. Then the food travels down the esophagus and into the stomach, where bile is added to start the breakup of the food particles. Then the food travels into the small intestine, where more bile is added and the breakup continues. Most nutritional absorbtion happens in the small intestine. The food travels into the colon, or large intestine, and is then turned into a solid waste which is stored in your rectum until the time comes to rid your body of it.
2. List and describe the locations of the accessory organs of the digestive system. First is the teeth, which are in the mouth and help chew food. Next are the salivary glands, which begin the breakup of food in the mouth. Then you have the galbladder and the pancreas, which are both located between the liver and the stomach. The gallbladder stores and secretes bile from the liver and the pancreas secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum of the small intestine.
5. Define peristalsis. The squeezy, circular motion around a tube that allows food to be pushed down, as it is in the digestive tract.
7. Describe the general effects of parasympathetic and sympathetic impulses on the alimentary canal. The parasympathetic nervous system allows for increased digestive activity and relaxes sphincters. The sympathetic nervous system somewhat tightens the digestive tract and doesn't allow digestion to be as easy as normal.
12. Describe the structure of a tooth. The white part of your tooth is called the enamel, or the crown. Underneath that is the dentine, and then the pulp which contains all the blood vessels and nerves. At the root of your tooth (everything under the gum), the root canal goes deep into the bone of your jaw.
25. Explain the mechanism of vomiting. Basically, if you eat something that "doesn't sit well with your stomach" your stomach will be able to sense that it must get rid of the waste before it travels into your small intestine. The cardiac sphincter, which separates the esophagus and the stomach, will open, and all stomach contents will be pushed upwards so that you can throw it up.
Pages 855:
Review Exercises: 1, 3, 9, 16, 34, 36, 37, 40:
1. Name the organs of the urinary system. The kidneys, the ureter, the bladder, and the urethra.
3. List the functions of the kidneys. First, they filter the liquid that enters them and takes out all the nutrients, which is absorbed into the blood stream, leaving behind urine to be excreted. They also filter the blood and keep it clean!
9. Distinguish among filtration, reabsorbtion, and secretion as they relate to the urinary system.
Filtration - the filtering of the blood through the kidneys.
Reabsorbtion - the kidneys reabsorb certain essential nutrients for the body.
Secretion - Anything that was not reabsorbed into the blood stream is discarded in the form of urine.
16. Define autoregulation. The natural ability of an organ to maintain a constant blood flow despite changes in pressure.
34. Describe the structure and function of a ureter. Ureters are small tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder to be excreted.
36. Discuss what happens if a ureter becomes obstructed. Well, first the urine would not be able to go anywhere, so it would block up the kidneys and injure them. Also, you might not be able to urinate correctly, or the urine might be bloody or cloudly. Also, it would definitely cause severe pain.
37. Describe the structure and location of the urinary bladder. The location of the bladder is situated right above the urethra, so if you were to point, it would be near your lower abdomen. Basically, the bladder is not a little colorful balloon that fills with urine. It is actually a reddish sac that can stretch pretty far to hold urine.
40. Compare the urethra of a female with that of a male. The female urethra is a lot shorter compared to the male's. A male's urethra is also used to carry semen.
Monday, May 5, 2008
Hormonal Control of the Menstrual Cycle
1. What is a hormone? Chemical produced by the brain to regulate different things in your body.
2. What system is responsible for the production of hormones? The endocrine.
3. Sketch a picture of the female reproductive system. Include the oviduct, ovaries, uterus, cervix and vagina.
4. Where does the embryo undergo most of its development? In the uterus.
5. What is another name for the fallopian tube? Oviduct.
6. Where does fertilization take place? In the fallopian tube.
7. What is ovulation? When the mature ovum contained in the follicle leaves and migrates down the oviduct.
8. What is the follicle converted to? A corpus luteum.
9. What happens during the flow phase? Hormone production by the ovaries ceases and the uterine lining sloughs off.
10. What happens during the follicular phase? The developing follicle enlarges and produces a hormone which causes the uterine lining to thicken.
11. What happens during the luteal phase? A hormone from the pituitary converts the follicle to a corpus luteum. Uterine lining is still thickening.
12. What happens to the uterine lining during the first phase? It is broken down.
13. What are the four hormones that control the menstrual cycle? Estrogen, progesterone, LH, FSH.
14. As FSH increases in concentration in the blood , the follicle is? Growing an egg.
15. When the follicle ruptures it releases what? The egg.
16. What is considered the hormone of pregnancy? Progesterone.
17. What is the rhythm method? Timing intercourse around ovulation to decrease chances of pregnancy.
18. What do you call a couple using the rhythm method? Parents! Ha ha ha!
19. What is menopause? What causes it? The halting of the menstrual cycle that occurs around the age of 45-50. It's caused by the stopping of LH production by the pituitary.
20. When does fertilization occur? When the sperm and the egg meet!
21. When is a zygote formed? After fertilization.
22. What is a placenta? An organ that is produced to help nourish and protect the growing baby.
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