Basic Joint Anatomy Worksheet

Why is there little to no movement in a fibrous joint? Because the bones making them up are made of fibrous tissue, which is very tough.

What is an example of a fibrous joint? The bones in your skull.

Describe a cartilaginous joint and give an example. Very little movement occurs between a cartilaginous joint. It's formed by two bones that are united by intervening fibrocartilage. Example: Vertebrate of the spinal column are formed by intervertebral disks.

What type of joint essentially allows free movement? Synovial joint.

What lubricates a joint cavity? Synovial fluid.


For the following joint types please list the name of the joint type, the type of movement of the joint, the shape of the joint and an example:

Plane joint - gliding in any direction - slightly curved articular surfaces - carpal bones in the hand
Hinge joint - rotation around a single axis - one irregular cylinder surface and one surface with a concave groove - the elbow joint
Condylar joint - Similar to a hinge joint but permits more movement - two articular surfaces (condyles) - the knee joint
Ball and Socket joint - many different directions - a spherical articulation fitting into a cup shaped cavity - the shoulder joint
Ellipsoidal joint - much movement, like with the wrist joint - like the ball and socket joint, only the ball joint is oval shaped - the wrist joint
Pivot joint - allows for two bones to pivot around one another - a bony peg that fits into a concave notch - the joint between the radius and ulna
Saddle joint - many directions - resembles two western saddles - the joint at the base of the thumb

Basic Skeletal Anatomy Worksheet

1. Describe the 4 functions of bones.
-Protect internal organs
-Allow for muscle attachment
-Support the body
-Produce blood cells

2. How many bones are there in the human body? 206.

3. What are the two divisions of the skeletal system? Axial and appendicular.

Name 5 specific bones in each division.

AXIAL:
- Skull
- Clavicle
- Sternum
- Rib Cage
- Vertebral Column

APPENDICULAR:
- Humerus
- Tibia
- Fibula
- Femur
- Patella


4. What bone makes up the upper arm? Humerus.

5. What bone makes up the face? Skull.

6. Name two bones that protect vital internal organs. Pelvis and Rib Cage.

7. What bone in the forearm is always on thumb side? Radius.

8. What bone is movable for back muscles to attach to? Scapula.

9. What bone is also known as the shin bone? Tibia.

10. Sketch a human skeleton and label the following bones: skull, clavicle, sternum, humerus, radius, ulna, patella, femur, tibia, fibula, pelvis, vertebral column, scapula and rib cage.

(click to enlarge :D)

Integumentary System Connections

Click to make bigger, yo. :)

Body Image Video Questions

Do you think that the symmetry test conducted on the baby was flawed? Somewhat. How? Well, the face that the baby saw was probably computer generated, which, I think, causes the results to lose some value. Also, why should it matter if a baby pays more attention to either picture? (Besides the fact that they were doing "beauty" research.) Describe how you would design an experiment that could fool the baby and skew the results. Well, you could put the two pictures up as normally, only you could make one of them in bright, vibrant colors and the other in black and white, and vice versa.

What is missing from this video about beauty? Well, to start, the fact that there is such thing as inner beauty. Also, if you meet someone you don't really consider that gorgeous, if you get to know them and start to really like them, you'll probably think they look much better than you first did. Plus, considering people beautiful and ugly is a judgement. We all do it, and it's not a bad thing, but you can't live your life thinking that you never want to get to know someone just because you consider them "ugly."

What are features that might break the “typical” beauty rules? Well, to start, a lot of people don't have perfect symmetry, color, and clarity. There is definitely a lot of beauty in people who aren't considered "perfect" by society. How are these different from the “typical” beauty rules? Well, they don't include perfection, so therefore they are nearly opposite to the typical beauty rules. For example, a typical beauty rule could be symmetry. A feature that breaks that rule is someone who looks very good un-symmetrical.

How does this video make you feel about beauty? It really didn't change my views of beauty. I believe in trying your best to reflect your inner self on the outside (but not to the point of pain or perfection). I also believe that people are very different on the inside than on the outside. The video really made me realize how important it is for me to hold onto my beliefs of beauty in order to keep being happy, because if I believed any of the crud they were talking about then I probably would not be a happy person.

What is it about the skin that makes it return to its place? The elasticity cells. What property is this? Elasticity property! :D

What are the risks of cosmetic surgery? Well, there is always the risk of infection. Plus, there is a big risk that you will spend lots of money and then not be happy with your results, then end up paying more and more... Would you ever do it? Well, it's very iffy for me. There are two reasons, in my opinion, to get plastic surgery. One is for typical beauty reasons, and the other is for any kind of physical or emotional unahppiness, i.e. being absolutely miserable because you hate your nose, or being in a car wreck and having to get your face fixed up. However, there are so many reasons that could tie into both "categories." As for me, I would never change the way I look just to conform or to be more beautiful according to beauty experts. The only time I'd ever change my appearance is for my own well-being or choice. On the other hand, I would seriously consider plastic surgery if I were to be disfigured somehow by an accident/illness of some sort. What would you be willing to risk for cosmetic surgery? It depends. For personal reasons, I would definitely not want to be in surgery for more than an hour or two. However, for reasons like if my face was destroyed/damaged in an accident, I would probably be willing to go through surgery and an extensive healing process. How long will it last? For either of those things, it would probably be something permanent. I would never get plastic surgery or anything like that (like botox) just for a "quick fix."

Someone in the video is quoted as saying that “make-up can make anyone prettier.” Do you agree with this? Support your answer. I highly disagree with this. I mean, sure, according to beauty experts, a face covered in make-up is prettier than one without. I think that that is complete crap. I happen to prefer people without make-up because you can see their true faces and natural beauty. I'm a big believer in natural beauty. There's also another side to this, though, which is that some people look really good with certain types of make-up on, but that doesn't necessarily mean they're ugly without it. It's very controversial, but for me, I absolutely do not support that statement. I think it's a statement that a lot of people believe for the sake of conforming, though. Some people say to me sometimes, "Oh, I feel so horrible because I didn't get a chance to put on any make-up this morning." Yet they look almost the same, only better. Not as fake.

Do you think that there are cultural differences in how cosmetic surgery is viewed? Definitely. It could be against some religions, or against certain regulations in different cultures. Some cultures may absolutely prohibit it because it may conflict with religion, rules, etc, while other cultures may encourage it or not care either way.

Integumentary System Study Questions in Text

Pages 193 and 194



Critical Thinking Questions: 3, 6, and 8



3. As a rule, a superficial partial-thickness burn is more painful than one involving deeper tissues. How would you explain this observation? The deeper the burn, the more nerve tissue is damaged. The more nerve tissue damaged, the less pain you feel.




6. How would you explain to an athlete the importance of keeping the body hydrated when exercising in warm weather? 1. Water enables you to keep sweating and keep your body cool. 2. Losing water makes you lose certain nutrients in your body (potassium, electrolytes) which can cause muscle cramping. 3. Loss of water also causes reduced blood volume, resulting in less efficiency for carrying nutrients/oxygen to your body.



8. How is skin peeling after a servere sunburn protective? How might a fever be protective? Skin peeling after a sunburn is protective because the skin is dead and must fall off to prevent infection and enable new skin to grow in its place. A fever is protective because the higher temperatures kill germs invading your body.






Review Exercises: 4, 5, 6, 8, 13, 15, 16, 22, 25, 27, 28 and 29



4. List six functions of skin.

1- Holds you together!

2- Heat regulation.

3. Waterproofing!

4. First defense against germs.

5. Sensory reception.

6. Vitamin D production.



5. Distinguish betqween the epidermis and the dermis. The epidermis is the top layer of your skin, which is visible and is composed of two layers. Underneath that is the dermis, which is composed of connective tissue, elastic fibers, and sensory nerves.



6. Describe the subcutaneous layer. It is located under the dermis and is composed mainly of adipose. It is used for energy storage, insulation, and protection for your body. It can also result in obesity if there is too much.



8. List the layers of the epidermis. Stratum Germinativum (on the bottom) and Stratum Corneum (top layer).



13. Distinguish between a hair and a hair follicle. A hair is a thin, oil-coated strand of particles that grows from your skin. A hair follicle is where the hair grows from under your skin. It also is where the oil is stored.



15. Describe how nails are formed. Nails are made of dead cells. They grow underneath your skin in a "nail room." The cells layer on top of one another until your nail protrudes from the skin and becomes your nail body. The cuticle covers the nail root and protects the nail.



16. Explain the function of sebaceous glands. They secrete oil into the hair follicle and allow your skin to be waterproofed.



22. Describe the body's responses to decreasing body temperature. Well, if you get too cold, your brain sends a signal to your body and you begin to shiver. Those vibrations put off energy (heat!) and you get warmer. Also blood from your appendages (especially yours hands, feet, and nose) comes into the trunk and head of your body to keep you warm.



25. Describe three physiological factors that affect skin color. Bloodflow: The amount of blood underneath your skin accounts for some of the color of your skin, such as people who have naturally rosy cheeks. Natural pigment: Pigment produced affects your skin color. Tanning/Freckles: The skin's response to UV light increases the amount of pigment produced (to protect your skin from the sunlight) and you tan, or get more freckles.



27. Distinguish among first, second, third degree burns. First degree is a red mark that is painful and heals fairly quickly. (No blistering.) Second degree blisters and is very painful, and takes a longer amount of time to heal. Third degree is below the skin and straight to the nerves, so there is no pain because the nerves are burned away. Third degree can take a very long time to heal, and may require autografts or heterografts.



28. Describe possible treatments for a third degree burn. Autografts/heterografts are a possible solution. Also, time. You must also keep the wound cleaned to prevent infection, which will make the damage take longer to heal.



29. List three effects of aging on skin. 1. Skin cells, as they age, can lose the ability to divide correctly, resulting in age spots, or pre-cancerous spots on the skin that can become cancer unless removed. 2. Wrinkling. 3. Skin loses its elasticity.

Body Systems Graphic Organizer Project

Click to make bigger. :)

Cell-ebrety Squared Video Questions

There are 5 basic life functions
1. Growth and Development
2. Use energy
3. Reproduce
4. Respond to environment
5. To get rid of wastes

All living things have certain things in common
1. Adaptation to their environment
2. Ability to use energy
3. Sensitive to environment
4. Reproduction
5. Ability to grow
6. Cells

The building blocks of life are cells.
All cells in a human are not the same. Please give examples of at least two different types of cells in humans. Tissue cells, muscle cells.
Why are cells not the same? Because groups of cells (tissues) are "programmed" to perform different tasks in the body.

The first person to discover cells was Robert Hook. He called them cells because they looked like tiny rooms. He first saw cells when he was looking at a piece of cork under a microscope.
The cell theory was created by Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann.

The three main ideas in the cell theory are
1. Cells are the basic unit of life
2. All organisms are composed of one or more cells
3. All cells arise from preexisting cells

Unlike animal cells, plant cells contain the organelles chloroplast and cell wall.
All animal cells are covered in a cell membrane. The function of this is to protect the cell's organelles, hold the parts together, and allow chemicals/nutrients to pass to and from the cell.
The different parts of the cell are known as organelles. Each organelle has a specific function. The function of the nucleus is the controller of the cell's functions. The mitochondria are also known as the power plants of the cell because their function is to break down food and aquire the energy produced by doing so. Storage is the main function of the vacuole.

Bacteria are interesting organisms. Bacterial cells do not have a nucleus.
Instead the chromosomes of the cell are located throughout the cell.
There are different types of transport used in cells as well. Diffusion is the movement of particles from high concentration to low concentration. Osmosis is different than this because it requires water and materials crossing over a membrane.
What is the difference between active and passive transport? Passive transport happens without using energy and active transport requires energy because the particles passing are bigger.
What organelle makes the energy used in active transport? Mitochondria.

Is a virus a living cell? No.
What is contained inside a virus? Part of a chromosome.
What is the only life function of a virus? Reproduction.

Study Questions in Anatomy Text

Chapter 1: Page 29

-Critical Thinking Questions: 2 and 4
-Review Exercises:Part A: 2, 4, 6, 7, 11, 13, and 14
-Part B: 1 and 3

Chapter 3: page 107 - 108

-Critical Thinking Questions: 1
-Review Exercises: 2, 3, 12, 13, and 14

Chapter 5: page 167

-Review Exercises: 1, 2, and 12


Chapter 1: Page 29


CT: 2 and 4

2. In health, body parts interact to maintain homeostasis. Illness may threaten homeostasis, requiring treatments. What treatments might be used to help control a patient's (a) body temperature, (b) blood oxygen concentration, and (c) water content?
(a) Heat or cold applied, something warm or cold consumed. (Depends on if the person is too cold or too hot.)
(b) If a person is hyperventilating, they could breathe into a paper bag to lower oxygen intake.
(c) Dialysis to lower water amount in the blood/IV with a water drip

4. If a patient complained of a stomachache and pointed to the umbilical region as the site of discomfort, which organs located in this region might be the source of the pain? It could be their small/large intestine.

Review Exercises:Part A: 2, 4, 6, 7, 11, 13, and 14

2. Distinguish between anatomy and physiology. Anatomy is the study of the body's parts, while physiology is the study of the functions of the body's parts.

4. List and describe 10 characteristics of life.

1- Growth: Ability to grow physically
2- Learning: Gaining new knowledge every day
3- Energy: Ability to use energy
4- Cells: Made up of cells
5- Sensitivity: Physically and emotionally in touch with surroundings
6- Adaptation: Adapting to the environment
7- Health: Maintaining physical and mental well-being
8- Nutrition: Maintaining a diet to make more energy
9- Hydration: A need to drink water to stay hydrated
10- Reproduction: Reproducing to sustain the species


6. List and describe 5 requirements of organisms.

1- Food: all organisms must consume food to produce energy and sustain locomotion
2-Hydration: water is the key to all organisms, to keep them hydrated, keep insides "oiled", digest food, and aid with homeostasis.
3-Movement (Use Energy): movement is very important for most organisms to obtain food, escape danger, and burn energy (which then makes the organism require more energy, or food)
4-Sunlight: Light is important to almost all organisms. For plants, it is required for photosynthesis. For most other animals it enables them to see, and for some animals it enables vitamin D to be produced. (For humans, it keeps us happy too.) Also, the sun is our source of warmth, which is very important for life.
5-Waste removal: This is extremely important to remove bodily wastes produced from normal bodily functions, to remove foreign materials from the body, and to remove toxins.
6- Temperature: For anything to live, a certain temperature must be maintained. Most organisms cannot survive in freezing or scorching temperatures. A balance must be made, especially internally. Through homeostasis, animals can adjust temperature as needed.
7- Response: Responding to the environment
8- Reproduction: Reproducing to sustain the species


7. Explain how the idea of homeostasis relates to the five requirements you listed in item 6.

1- Food: Digestion can raise body temperature because digestion uses energy; therefore, homeostasis must be maintained while eating.
2- Hydration: Drinking water is very important for homeostasis. Drinking cool water can lower your temperature if it is too high, and also promotes more water for sweating, which can also cool you down.
3- Movement: Moving requires using energy, so homeostasis is required at all times. When you exercise, you get really hot because you are burning a lot of energy, so homeostasis enables you to sweat to cool down.
4- Sunlight: Sunlight is an outside way to warm up, and also provides some energy. Sunlight can activate homeostasis by promoting sweating when you get too hot.
5- Waste removal: Removing wastes from the body makes everything inside you stay healthy and work properly, which of course includes homeostasis.
6- Temperature: Temperature maintainment is homeostasis! :)
7- Response: Homeostasis is a response to the environment, letting our brains know whether to cool us down or heat us up
8- Reproduction: Reproductive cells in any animal obviously must remain a certain temperature to stay alive and enable the organism to reproduce successfully. Also, in female mammals, the embryo must have a stable temperature to remain living.

11. Describe how homeostatic mechanisms act by negative feedback.
Let's say you're outside in the snow wearing a t-shirt and blue jeans. You'd be cold, for sure! So, you're skin senses the cold temperature and sends a signal to your brain, which activates homeostasis. Homeostasis would then make you shiver, because the vibration produce energy, or heat, which warms you up. Now let's say you're outside in the snow with layers and layers of clothing. You wouldn't shiver as much because the heat produced by your body absorbs into the clothing and surrounds you. Therefore, you probably wouldn't shiver as much. Now let's pretend you're outside in the desert. You're body would "read" the temperature around you and make you sweat to cool off, and you would also feel thirsty for nice, cool water. So whatever your temperature inside and the temperature externally, your body will adjust to make your temperature stay regulated.

13. Distinguish between the axial and appendicular portions of the body.
Appendicular: Every part of your body except for your trunk, neck and head.
Axial: You head, neck, and trunk. (Not including arms.)


14. Distinguish between the dorsal and ventral body cavities, and name the smaller cavities within each one.

Dorsal Cavity (in the back): Contains the cranial cavity and the spinal cavity.

Ventral Cavity (in the front): Contains the Thoracic Cavity and the Abdominopelvic Cavity.
-Thoracic Cavity: Contains the Pleural Cavity and the Pericardial Cavity.
-Abdominopelvic Cavity: Contains the Abdominal Cavity and the Pelvic Cavity.

Part B: 1 and 3

1. Name the body cavity housing each of the following organs:

a. stomach (abdominal cavity)
b. heart (pericardial cavity)
c. brain (cranial cavity)
d. liver (abdominal cavity)
e. trachea (thoracic cavity)
f. rectum (pelvic cavity)
g. spinal cord (spinal cavity)
h. esophagus (thoracic cavity)
i. spleen (abdominal cavity)
j. urinary bladder (pelvic cavity)

3. Prepare a sketch of a human body, and use lines to indicate each other the following sections:
a. sagittal
b. transverse
c. coronal


























Chapter 3: page 107 - 108


Critical Thinking Questions: 1

1. Which process--diffusion, osmosis, or filtration--accounts for the following situations?
a. Injection of a drug that is hypertonic to the tissues stimulates pain (diffusion)
b. A person with extremely low blood pressure stops producing urine (osmosis)
c. The connection of urea in the dialyzing fluid of an artificial kidney is kept low (filtration)


Review Exercises: 2, 3, 12, 13, and 14

2. Describe how the shapes of nerve, epithelial, and muscle cells are well suited to their functions. -Nerve cells are long and stringy, which supports the electrical impulses sent over them. They also have many, many 'branches' along them to enable fast and convenient travel for the impulses.
-Muscle cells are thick and able to stretch and contract, allowing for muscle movement.
-Epithelial cells can stretch and are flexible to allow for movement without snapping. They also have pores to enable sweat to be released.


3. Name the major components of a cell, and describe how they interact.

I suppose the major components would be the nucleus, the mitochondria, and the cell membrane.

Nucleus: The brain of the cell which 'commands' all organelles within the cell.
Mitochondria: The 'energy plant' of the cell. Stores energy and allows the cell to use the energy for basic functions.
Cell Membrane: Holds all organelles within the cell together and allows materials to leave and enter the cell.

How they interact: Well, the cell requires energy to funtion, it needs a 'brain' to guide it, and it needs a membrane to support all of the organelles.


12. Describe the structures and functions of each of the following:
a. endoplasmic reticulum - a long, winding 'road' that leads out of the cell. The 'highway' in the cell that transports nutrients, wastes, etc. Two types: Rough and Smooth.
b. ribosome - produces the protein code needed for mitosis (in a process called translation).
c. Golgi apparatus - a 'stack' of membrane that resembles a stack of pancakes. Sorts out different nutrients for the cell.
d. mitochondrion - the energy storage unit in the cell. Stores ATP for later use.
e. lysosome - an organelle that contains digestive enzymes. Digests worn out organelles, food particles, and viruses or bacteria which have been captured or have entered the cell.
f. peroxisome - organelles that aid in the digestion of fatty acids.
g. cilium - a hair-like structure found outside the cell which aids in the cell's movement.
h. flagellum - also a hair-like structure found outside the cells which aids in movement.
i. centrosome - A structure which builds spindle-fibers during mitosis/meiosis to aid in the two processes.
j. vesicle - Like a vacuole, this organelle stores and transports substances.
k. microfilament - The thinnest filaments found in the cytoplasm of the cell.
l. microtube - ? The smallest kind of 'road' in a cell used to transport substances?

13. Describe the structure of the nucleus and the functions of its contents.
Nucleus: the nucleus is the brain of the cell and tells each organelle what to do. Found within it is the nucleolus, who's main function is the making of ribosomes.

14. Distinguish between diffusion and facilitated diffusion.
Diffusion is when everything dissolves in a given substance, and facilitated diffusion is diffusion where only some particles can dissolve and pass through while others cannot.


Chapter 5: page 167


Review Exercises: 1, 2, and 12

1. Define tissue. A group of cells that perform the same function.

2. Name the four major types of tissue found in the human body. Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nerve.

12. Describe the general characteristics of connective tissue.

Connective tissue supports and protects, for example: along bones and muscles. It allows for things to connect (hence the name) throughout the body.

Organization of the Human Body Worksheet

1. Explain the difference between anatomy and physiology. Anatomy is the study of the structures of the human body and physiology is the study of the function of the body's parts.

2. Please organize the following structures in order from smallest to largest: system, tissue, organ, and cell. Cell, Tissue, Organ, System.

3. In the term physiology the suffix -logy means what? Study of.

4. What is the type of membrane that lines all of the passages leading the exterior? Mucous membrane.

5. What do you call a mass of cells that all perform the same function? Tissue.

6. What type of tissue is specialized for the conduction of nerve impulses? Nerve tissue.

7. The term epidermis contains a prefix and a root term. What is the root in this word and what
does it mean? Derm - skin.
What is the prefix in this word and what does it mean? Epi - upon.

8. The term cavity appears frequently in this lesson. What does it mean? A hollow space/area.

9. Name the four main types of tissue and describe their function.

Epithelial: Lies the outside of your body and some things on the inside. Purpose: protection/waterproofness (that's a new word)/ and temperature regulation.

Connective: Supports and protects bones, fat, and cartilage. (Internal.)

Muscle: For muscles. Purpose: contraction and flexibility.

Nerve: An internal tissue designed for recieving nerve impulses.

10. A cell is made of ----- except for the nucleus which is made of -----. (I really couldn't figure this one out. I'm sure the answer is simple, but I couldn't seem to find it out.)

11. What type of membrane lines joint cavities and outer surfaces of bones? Connective.

12. What is an organ system? Several organs working together in the body to do a specific task(s).

13. Name the five types of membranes and where each is located.

1. Cutaneous - the external layer of skin.

2. Mucous - lines all passages leading to the exterior of the body.

3. Serous - Lines bodily cavities and the organs in them.

4. Fibrous - Lines joint cavities and the outer surface of bones.

5. Fascia - Lines muscles, glands, blood vessels, and nerves.

14. What is the function of the cell membrane? The nucleus? The cell membrane surrounds and protects the cell, and also allows certain things to go in and out of the cell. The nucleus is the control unit of the cell. It tells the cell what to do and how to do it.

15. The cutaneous membrane is made of two distinct layers. Name each of these layers and describe what they are made of.

Epidermis - made of many layers of cells. Contains the sweat pores and hair folicles + hair.

Dermis - made of connectice tissue and microscopic organs (sweat glands, sebaceous glanes, etc)